ArticlePloS one2021
Long-term changes in kelp forests in an inner basin of the Salish Sea.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- From kelp forests to turf reefs: Patterns, drivers, and impacts to functional diversity.Ecology · 2026Article
- Historical data reveal extirpation of foundation species and kelp forest community deborealization in a coastal hotspot.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2026Article
- Developing a Status and Trends Assessment for Floating Kelp Canopies across Large Geographic Areas.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Light limitation and water velocity modify the impacts of simulated marine heatwaves on juvenile giant kelp.Journal of phycology · 2025Article
- Foundational kelp species reveal links between host traits, the environment and the associated microbial community.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- A simple and effective protocol for cryopreservation of germplasm of the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana (Phaeophyceae).Journal of phycology · 2025Article
- Warming Seawater Temperature and Nutrient Depletion Alters Microbial Community Composition on a Foundational Canopy Kelp Species.Environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Star Power: Early life stages of an endangered sea star are robust to current and near-future warming.PloS one · 2025Article
- Geographic variability of floating kelp recovery after a marine heatwave event in the Salish Sea and adjacent open coast.PloS one · 2025Article
- Bacteria on the foundational kelp in kelp forest ecosystems: Insights from culturing, whole genome sequencing and metabolic assays.Environmental microbiology reports · 2024Article
- Multiscale stability of an intertidal kelp (Postelsia palmaeformis) near its northern range edge through a period of prolonged heatwaves.Annals of botany · 2024Article
- Projecting kelp (Ecklonia radiata) gametophyte thermal adaptation and persistence under climate change.Annals of botany · 2024Article
- A century of canopy kelp persistence and recovery in the Gulf of Alaska.Annals of botany · 2024Article
- Article
- High-latitude kelps and future oceans: A review of multiple stressor impacts in a changing world.Ecology and evolution · 2023Review
- Feeding preferences and the effect of temperature on feeding rates of the graceful kelp crab,PeerJ · 2023Article
- Microclimate predicts kelp forest extinction in the face of direct and indirect marine heatwave effects.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2022Article
- Spatial organization of the kelp microbiome at micron scales.Microbiome · 2022Article
- Toward a conceptual framework for managing and conserving marine habitats: A case study of kelp forests in the Salish Sea.Ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- Automated satellite remote sensing of giant kelp at the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas).PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Kelp forests form an important biogenic habitat that responds to natural and human drivers. Global concerns exist about threats to kelp forests, yet long-term information is limited and research suggests that trends are geographically distinct. We examined distribution of the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana over 145 years in South Puget Sound (SPS), a semi-protected inner basin in a fjord estuary complex in the northeast Pacific Ocean. We synthesized 48 historical and modern Nereocystis surveys and examined presence/absence within 1-km segments along 452 km of shoreline. Compared to the earliest baseline in 1878, Nereocystis extent in 2017 decreased 63%, with individual sub-basins showing up to 96% loss. Losses have persisted for decades, across a range of climate conditions. In recent decades, Nereocystis predominantly occurred along shorelines with intense currents and mixing, where temperature and nutrient concentrations did not reach thresholds for impacts to Nereocystis performance, and high current speeds likely excluded grazers. Losses predominated in areas with elevated temperature, lower nutrient concentrations, and relatively low current velocities. The pattern of long-term losses in SPS contrasts with stability in floating kelp abundance during the last century in an area of the Salish Sea with greater wave exposure and proximity to oceanic conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that kelp beds along wave-sheltered shorelines exhibit greater sensitivity to environmental stressors. Additionally, shorelines with strong currents and deep-water mixing may provide refugia within sheltered systems.
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