ReviewReviews in medical virology2021
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Multiepitope Intranasal Adenoviral Vaccine Induces Robust Mucosal Immunity and Protection against SARS‑CoV‑2.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Development of an ELISA Test with High Diagnostic Accuracy for SARS-COV-2 Using Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein Expressed in E. coli.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain Adsorption to Material Surfaces.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2025Article
- A multi-antigen-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides higher immune responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Interface: Promising Candidate Targets for Vaccine-Induced Protective and Memory Immune Responses.Vaccines · 2025Review
- A 20-month longitudinal study to evaluate humoral and cellular immunity after COVID-19 vaccines.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- Review
- A qualitative assessment of the adverse effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines: a study from Jordan.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2023Article
- A COVID-19 vaccine candidate based on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and immune-stimulating complexes.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Indirect Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Live-Attenuated Vaccine and Its Contribution to Herd Immunity.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Review
- Evaluation of Side Effects Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines in Pregnant Women.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 sublingual vaccine with RBD antigen and poly(I:C) adjuvant: Preclinical study in cynomolgus macaques.Biology methods & protocols · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Most Visible Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines Among the Residents of Makkah, Saudi Arabia: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of the first Kazakh inactivated vaccine for COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Immunogenicity and Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Melanoma Treated with Immunotherapy.Cancers · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines for Short- and Long-Term Immunity: A General Overview for the Pandemic Contrast.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is responsible for a global pandemic that started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. To prevent the worldwide spread of this highly pathogenic virus, development of an effective and safe vaccine is urgently needed. The SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share a high degree of genetic and pathologic identity and share safety and immune-enhancement concerns regarding vaccine development. Prior animal studies with first generation (whole virus-based) preparations of SARS-CoV vaccines (inactivated and attenuated vaccine modalities) indicated the possibility of increased infectivity or eosinophilic infiltration by immunization. Therefore, development of second and third generation safer vaccines (by using modern vaccine platforms) is actively sought for this viral infection. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoVs is the main determinant of cell entry and tropism and is responsible for facilitating zoonosis into humans and sustained person-to-person transmission. Furthermore, 'S' protein contains multiple neutralizing epitopes that play an essential role in the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and protective immunity. Moreover, T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 'S' protein have also been characterized that correlate to the IgG and IgA antibody titres in Covid-19 patients. Thus, S protein is an obvious candidate antigen for inclusion into vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. This manuscript reviews different characteristics of S protein, its potency and 'state of the art' of the vaccine development strategies and platforms using this antigen, for construction of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.