ArticleInfectious diseases and therapy2021
Cost Analysis of New Antibiotics to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections: Mind the Gap.
Article in Infectious diseases and therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of efficacy and safety of newer drugs approved from 2016 to 2023 for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.Annals of medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Chinese herbal compound for multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis with association rule mining to identify core herb combinations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Combination antibiotic therapy in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: evidence, controversies, and future directions.Infection · 2026Review
- Treatment Options for Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-ProducingInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Risk Factors and Medical Burden of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Infection in Hospitalized Patients with Pneumonia.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Cefiderocol: A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Clinical Applications in the Era of Multidrug Resistance.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- Plant amino acid analogues as antimicrobial agents.Amino acids · 2025Review
- Patient-Reported Outcomes and Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures in Infectious Diseases Studies and Clinical Practice.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Unlocking the Potential of Brazilian Plant Terpenes to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance.ACS bio & med chem Au · 2025Review
- Reserve antibiotics: overcoming limitations of evidence generated from regulatory approval trials.Globalization and health · 2025Review
- Innovation in the Design of Clinical Trials for Infectious Diseases: Focusing on Patients Over Pathogens.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2025Review
- The Invisible Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Food.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Guava Leaf Extract Exhibits Antimicrobial Activity in Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR)Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Impact of multidrug resistance on the virulence and fitness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a microbiological and clinical perspective.Infection · 2024Review
- Extensively Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections in Trauma Cases Managed at the Médecins Sans Frontières Tertiary Orthopaedic Center in Mosul, Iraq: A Case Series.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- A Comparative Assessment of Approvals and Discontinuations of Systemic Antibiotics and Other Therapeutic Areas.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Short Course of Antibiotic Therapy for Gram-Negative Bacilli Bacteremia in Patients with Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Less Is Possible.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Focusing on antimicrobial resistant infections -are we missing the forest for the trees and the patients for pathogens?Frontiers in antibiotics · 2023Article
- Perspectives on the Ethics of Antibiotic Overuse and on the Implementation of (New) Antibiotics.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionGuidelines for treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria rely on newly approved antibiotics, with limited evidence of their effectiveness for treating these infections. Data regarding cost of such an approach are lacking. We aimed to evaluate estimated cost of using newly approved antibiotic drugs compared to older antibiotics for the treatment of difficult-to-treat pathogens.
methodsMDR bacteria of interest included those defined by the World Health Organization as critical or of high priority for research. Old and newly approved antibiotics for these bacteria, defined as approved before or after January 2010, respectively, were evaluated for treatment cost and for 14-day treatment course. Estimated annual costs were calculated based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's' report on MDR bacteria prevalence in US hospitalized patients. Old and new drugs costs were compared.
resultsThe cost of a 14-day treatment course for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with a newly approved drug was found to be 6 to 60 times higher than that of older drugs. Similarly, the cost of a 14-day course for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales or MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa was doubled with new drugs; and for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, ~ 20 times higher with newer drugs. Annual incremental costs of treating difficult-to-treat Gram-negative bacteria with new drugs ranged from 30 million to over 500 million USD.
conclusionsUsing newly approved antibiotic drugs for MDR infections carries a large incremental cost. Additional data to support survival benefit of these drugs are required to justify the price differences. Subgroups of patients who would benefit most from treatment should be defined.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.