ArticleNature communications2021
Phenotypic covariance across the entire spectrum of relatedness for 86 billion pairs of individuals.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update the FRAX® risk assessment tool.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Pooled it
- A quantitative genetic model for indirect genetic effects and genomic imprinting under random and assortative mating.Genetics · 2026Article
- Genetic underpinnings of chills from art and music.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic effects on migration behavior contribute to increasing spatial differentiation at trait-associated loci in Estonia.iScience · 2025Article
- Polygenic prediction of human complex traits using ancient DNA.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2025Review
- Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Familial co-aggregation and shared heritability between clinically diagnosed neurodevelopmental problems and cardiometabolic conditions: a nationwide register study across three generations.Research square · 2025Article
- Beyond additive genetic effects: Explaining family resemblance in school performance across millions of pairs of Norwegian relatives.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Understanding indirect assortative mating and its intergenerational consequences for educational attainment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The contribution of gametic phase disequilibrium to the heritability of complex traits.Nature genetics · 2025Article
- Socio-economic status is a social construct with heritable components and genetic consequences.Nature human behaviour · 2025Review
- Genetic architecture reconciles linkage and association studies of complex traits.Nature genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- Polygenic Indices (a.k.a. Polygenic Scores) in Social Science: A Guide for Interpretation and Evaluation.Sociological methodology · 2024Article
- Genetic influence on within-person longitudinal change in anthropometric traits in the UK Biobank.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Interpreting population- and family-based genome-wide association studies in the presence of confounding.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Estimation of indirect genetic effects and heritability under assortative mating.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- How to estimate heritability: a guide for genetic epidemiologists.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- 15 years of GWAS discovery: Realizing the promise.American journal of human genetics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Attributing the similarity between individuals to genetic and non-genetic factors is central to genetic analyses. In this paper we use the genomic relationship ([Formula: see text]) among 417,060 individuals to investigate the phenotypic covariance between pairs of individuals for 32 traits across the spectrum of relatedness, from unrelated pairs through to identical twins. We find linear relationships between phenotypic covariance and [Formula: see text] that agree with the SNP-based heritability ([Formula: see text]) in unrelated pairs ([Formula: see text]), and with pedigree-estimated heritability in close relatives ([Formula: see text]). The covariance increases faster than [Formula: see text] in distant relatives ([Formula: see text]), and we attribute this to imperfect linkage disequilibrium between causal variants and the common variants used to construct [Formula: see text]. We also examine the effect of assortative mating on heritability estimates from different experimental designs. We find that full-sib identity-by-descent regression estimates for height (0.66 s.e. 0.07) are consistent with estimates from close relatives (0.82 s.e. 0.04) after accounting for the effect of assortative mating.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.