ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2021
Feeding Infants at the Breast or Feeding Expressed Human Milk: Long-Term Cognitive, Executive Function, and Eating Behavior Outcomes at Age 6 Years.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Improving direct breastfeeding at discharge in a Level II Neonatal ICU.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Exclusively Pumping Women's Milk Production and Pumping and Feeding Dynamics-An Online Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pumps, patriarchy, and profits: the rise of breast pumping and "human milk feeding" and why preserving "breastfeeding" is important.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Moving, Seeing, Hearing, Smelling and Tasting: How Sensory-Motor Experiences Shape Early Cognitive Development.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Associations of feeding and delivery modes with the risk of otitis media with effusion in children: A cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2025Observational
- Sustained breastfeeding associations with brain structure and cognition from late childhood to early adolescence.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Diet Patterns Featuring Western-Style and Low-Preparation Foods Differentially Relate to Cognitive Function in Early Childhood From the STRONG Kids 2 Birth Cohort Study.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Shaping oral and intestinal microbiota and the immune system during the first 1,000 days of life.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Neurodevelopmental trajectories in well-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus offspring: No differences were found at the 6- and 12-month assessments.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Examining psychosocial pathways to explain the link between breastfeeding practices and child behaviour in a longitudinal cohort.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Review on the Impact of Milk Oligosaccharides on the Brain and Neurocognitive Development in Early Life.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Beyond ingredients: Supramolecular structure of lipid droplets in infant formula affects metabolic and brain function in mouse models.PloS one · 2023Article
- Adherence to Screen Time and Physical Activity Guidelines is Associated with Executive Function in US Toddlers Participating in the STRONG Kids 2 Birth Cohort Study.The Journal of pediatrics · 2023Observational
- Exclusive breastmilk pumping: A concept analysis.Nursing forum · 2022Article
- Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development.Biomolecules · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine how expressed milk feeding diverges from feeding at the breast in its association with neurodevelopment and behavior. We hypothesized that longer and exclusive feeding at the breast only (ie, no formula, no feeding expressed milk) would be associated with the optimal cognitive developmental, executive function, and eating behaviors and that expressed milk feeding would be associated with less-optimal outcomes. STUDY
designThe Moms2Moms cohort (Ohio, US) reported infant feeding practices at 12 months postpartum and children's global cognitive ability, executive function, and eating behaviors at 6 years. Linear and log-binomial regression models estimated associations with durations of feeding at the breast, expressed milk, human milk (modes combined), and formula.
resultsAmong 285 participants, each month of exclusive feeding at the breast only was associated with a decreased risk of clinically meaningful executive function (working memory) deficit (adjusted relative risk [RR] 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.96) but was unassociated with inhibition (adjusted RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-1.01). Feeding expressed milk was not clearly related to executive function outcomes. No associations with global cognitive ability were observed. Weak associations were observed with eating behaviors for some feeding practices.
conclusionsFeeding at the breast may offer advantages to some aspects of executive function that expressed milk may not. Large, prospective studies exploring mechanisms could further distinguish the effect of feeding mode from that of nutrients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.