ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021
Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 decline, but do not disappear for several months.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Durability and cross-reactivity of immune responses induced by a plant-based virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Biological Plausibility Between Long-COVID and Periodontal Disease Development or Progression.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages shifted antibody-mediated protection curves.iScience · 2025Article
- Longitudinal analysis of passively and actively acquired SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in infants with repeat newborn screening samples.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Serum anti-nucleocapsid antibody correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 re-infection regardless of symptoms or immune history.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses in convalescent individuals over 12 months reveal severity-dependent antibody dynamics.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis of human coronavirus antibody responses in ICU and non-ICU COVID-19 patients reveals IgG3 against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a key biomarker of disease severity.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Persistent IgG1 clones dominate and personalize the plasma antibody repertoire.Science advances · 2025Article
- An XBB.1.5-based inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine partially protects against XBB.1.5 and JN.1 strains in hamsters.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Antibody Responses to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Among Healthcare Workers in Outpatient Clinics in Japan.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Pulmonary function and comparative SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG antibody response among the COVID-19 recovered group.PloS one · 2025Article
- Detectable SARS-CoV-2 specific immune responses in recovered unvaccinated individuals 250 days post wild type infection.PloS one · 2025Article
- Receptor Binding Domain-Specific B Cell Memory Responses Among Individuals Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Protective Non-neutralizing anti-N-terminal Domain mAb Maintains Fc-mediated Function against SARS-COV-2 Variants up to BA.2.86-JN.1 with Superfluous In Vivo Protection against JN.1 Due to Attenuated Virulence.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- SMART-lipid nanoparticles enabled mRNA vaccine elicits cross-reactive humoral responses against the omicron sub-variants.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Inferring COVID-19 testing and vaccination behavior from New Jersey testing data.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Comparative reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in three African countries using a mathematical model integrating immunity data.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Wastewater-based reproduction numbers and projections of COVID-19 cases in three areas in Japan, November 2021 to December 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
35 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo develop an effective vaccine against a novel viral pathogen, it is important to understand the longitudinal antibody responses against its first infection. Here we performed a longitudinal study of antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic patients.
methodsSequential blood samples were collected from 39 individuals at various timepoints between 0 and 154 days after onset. IgG or IgM titers to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein, the ectodomain of the S protein, and the N protein were determined by using an ELISA. Neutralizing antibody titers were measured by using a plaque reduction assay.
findingsThe IgG titers to the RBD of the S protein, the ectodomain of the S protein, and the N protein peaked at about 20 days after onset, gradually decreased thereafter, and were maintained for several months after onset. Extrapolation modeling analysis suggested that the IgG antibodies were maintained for this amount of time because the rate of reduction slowed after 30 days post-onset. IgM titers to the RBD decreased rapidly and disappeared in some individuals after 90 days post-onset. All patients, except one, possessed neutralizing antibodies against authentic SARS-CoV-2, which they retained at 90 days after onset. The highest antibody titers in patients with severe infections were higher than those in patients with mild or moderate infections, but the decrease in antibody titer in the severe infection cohort was more remarkable than that in the mild or moderate infection cohort.
interpretationAlthough the number of patients is limited, our results show that the antibody response against the first SARS-CoV-2 infection in symptomatic patients is typical of that observed in an acute viral infection.
fundingThe Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.