ReviewNature protocols2021
Comparative analysis of assays to measure CAR T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Review in Nature protocols, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harmonisation of quality control tests for academic production of CAR-T cells: a position paper from the WP-bioproduction of the UNITC consortium.Bone marrow transplantation · 2025Guideline
- T cell immunomonitoring: a comparative analysis of traditional and novel methods to quantify and characterize human antigen-specific T cells.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Development of tandem canine CAR T cells to enable comparative studies of aggressive B-cell lymphoma.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2026Article
- Celldetective, an AI-enhanced image analysis tool for unraveling dynamic cell interactions.eLife · 2026Article
- Therapeutic DC vaccination against the vascular antigen DLK1 effectively treats primary triple-negative breast cancer and prevents metastasis.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- A versatile and GMP-compliant bead-based IFN-γ potency assay for standardized quality control and release testing of CAR-T cell drug products.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Determinants of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Success: In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Assessment.Cancers · 2026Review
- Spatial Encoding with Amplitude Modulation in Serial Flow Cytometry.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A 3D multi-compartment assembloid to study combined immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- FAM168B identified as a novel candidate target for chimeric antigen receptor T cell-based cancer therapy.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Flow-cytometry-based assay to study CD8Methods in cell biology · 2026Article
- Plying potency assays for immunotherapy of solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Standardizing a human TBMNK cell assay across instrument platforms: a new framework for producing high-quality, AI-ready reference dataset.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A novel immunocytokine promotes T cell- and cytokine-induced killer cell-mediated antitumor immunity via a non-MHC-restricted mechanism in glioblastoma.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Bioengineered immunocompetent preclinical trial-on-chip tool enables screening of CAR T cell therapy for leukaemia.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Multi-parametric profiling of IL-7-augmented GD2.CART products in a phase 1 clinical trial.iScience · 2025Article
- EF1α, rather than CMV promoter, is suitable for luciferase tag expression in target cells forMolecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- Cellular Immunogenicity Assessments in CAR-T Cell Therapies: Current Insights and Future Directions.The AAPS journal · 2025Article
- Coordinating oncogenesis and immune evasion: KPNA2, GOLM1, and TK1 as novel CAR T-cell targets in lung adenocarcinoma.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Cell trajectory modulation: rapid microfluidic biophysical profiling of CAR T cell functional phenotypes.Nature communications · 2025Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The antitumor efficacy of genetically engineered 'living drugs', including chimeric antigen receptor and T-cell receptor T cells, is influenced by their activation, proliferation, inhibition, and exhaustion. A sensitive and reproducible cytotoxicity assay that collectively reflects these functions is an essential requirement for translation of these cellular therapeutic agents. Here, we compare various in vitro cytotoxicity assays (including chromium release, bioluminescence, impedance, and flow cytometry) with respect to their experimental setup, appropriate uses, advantages, and disadvantages, and measures to overcome their limitations. We also highlight the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) directives for a potency assay for release of clinical cell therapy products. In addition, we discuss advanced assays of repeated antigen exposure and simultaneous testing of combinations of immune effector cells, immunomodulatory antibodies, and targets with variable antigen expression. This review article should help to equip investigators with the necessary knowledge to select appropriate cytotoxicity assays to test the efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents alone or in combination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.