SynthesisNature ecology & evolution2021
Impacts of wildlife trade on terrestrial biodiversity.
Synthesis in Nature ecology & evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Morphological and molecular characterization of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) isolated from wild animals undergoing rehabilitation.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2026Article
- Prevalence of traded bird species in key biodiversity areas.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- How illegal wildlife trade adheres to and defies conventional market behavior.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- From Forest Extraction to Digital Markets: Illegal Macaw Trade and Adaptive Monitoring for Forest Wildlife Resilience.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Evaluating synthetic substitutes to reduce illegal harvesting and support species recovery.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- Equity considerations in the proposed wildlife protocol to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- Patterns and Risks of China's Snake Trade Driven by Medicinal and Culinary Traditions.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial Markers COI and 16S rRNA for the Molecular Identification of Parrots and Macaws Recovered From Illegal Trafficking in Three Areas of Colombia.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Exploring neglected places enabling conservation crime through place network investigations.iScience · 2026Article
- Balancing Harvesting and Conservation: Demographic Responses of a Threatened Palm to Anthropogenic Disturbance.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- A game theoretic treatment of contagion in trade networks.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Enhancing Wildlife Trade Monitoring in the European Union-No Need to Reinvent the Wheel.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Wildlife trade investigations benefit from multivariate stable isotope analyses.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- Guidelines for addressing disease risks in wildlife trade.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- The need for carbon finance schemes to tackle overexploitation of tropical forest wildlife.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2025Article
- The magnitude of legal wildlife trade and implications for species survival.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Global dynamics of functional composition in CITES-traded reptiles.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2025Article
- Serological evidence of sarbecovirus exposure along Sunda pangolin trafficking pathways.BMC biology · 2024Article
- International wildlife trade quotas are characterized by high compliance and coverage but insufficient adaptive management.Nature ecology & evolution · 2024Article
- Governance of the wildlife trade and the prevention of emerging zoonoses: a mixed methods network analysis of transnational organisations, silos, and power dynamics.Globalization and health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The wildlife trade is worth billions of dollars annually and affects most major taxonomic groups. Despite this, a global understanding of the trade's impacts on species populations is lacking. We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of the wildlife trade that synthesized 506 species-level effect sizes from 31 studies, estimating trade-driven declines in mammals (452 effect sizes), birds (36) and reptiles (18). Overall, species declined in abundance by 62% (95% confidence interval (CI), 20 to 82%) where trade occurs. Reductions involving national or international trade were greatest, driving declines of 76% (95% CI, 36 to 91%) and 66% (95% CI, 12 to 87%), respectively. The impacts of trade were pervasive, requiring over 102 hours of travel time from settlements for trade to have no mean effect. Current protective measures fail species, with significant declines even where the harvesting for trade occurs in protected areas. Population declines tracked species threat status, indicating heightened extirpation and extinction risk in traded species. Critically, for such a severe global threat to wildlife, our analysis unearthed a limited number of studies using treatment versus control comparisons, and no studies on amphibians, invertebrates, cacti or orchids. Improved management, tackling both unsustainable demand and trade reporting, must be a conservation priority to prevent rampant trade-induced declines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.