ReviewNature materials2021
Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Nature materials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 428 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
428citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
47.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
428 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 825 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with COVID-19: a systematic scoping review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 shedding in exhaled material: a systematic review.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Pooled it
- Relationship between stress hyperglycaemic ratio (SHR) and critical illness: a systematic review.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Pooled it
- Traumatic CSF rhinorrhea associated with COVID-19 testing: a case series and systematic review.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy of exercise in the treatment of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Virus and viral components transmitted through surgical smoke; a silent danger in operating room: a systematic review.BMC surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination or Infection on the Safety and Efficacy of Aesthetic Injections: A Systematic Review.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Lung ultrasound score severity cut-off points in COVID-19 pneumonia. A systematic review and validating cohort.Medicina clinica · 2023Pooled it
- Thermally Triggered Double Emulsion-Integrated Hydrogel Microparticles for Multiplexed Molecular Diagnostics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Trial
- [Driving pressure-guided lung protective ventilation strategy reduces postoperative pulmonary complications in patients recovered from COVID-19].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2023Trial
- Disease Biomarker Detection Using Fluorescence Polarization Assays: Principles and Clinical Applications.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Identification of a Conserved Linear Epitope in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody N179.Viruses · 2026Article
- Mismatch-Tuned Plasmonic Nanogap Networks on Block Copolymers for Ultrasensitive Nucleic Acid Quantification.ACS nanoscience Au · 2026Article
- Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Viral Diagnostics: Principles, Strategies, Clinical Challenges, and Future Directions.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Direct visualization of RNA virus and evaluation of drug effect in living cells by catalytically transformable DNA cube.Science advances · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Point-of-Care Testing Modalities: Integrating Molecular, Immunological, Biosensor, and AI Approaches.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Ultrafast Plasmonic Nanocavity Thermocycler for Direct Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR at a Point-of-Care Level.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- A Multi-Provincial Clinical Evaluation of the PANBIO™ COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test Device in South Africa.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
368 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
20 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Bhavesh D KevadiyaDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Jatin MachhiDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Jonathan HerskovitzDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Maxim D OleynikovDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-9743
Wilson R BlombergDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Neha BajwaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
Dhruvkumar SoniDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Srijanee DasDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Mahmudul HasanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Milankumar PatelDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Ahmed M SenanGlycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Santhi GorantlaDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
JoEllyn McMillanDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Benson EdagwaDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-9331
Robert Eisenberg, Omaha, NE, USA.
Channabasavaiah B GurumurthyDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-4033
St Patrick M ReidDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Chamindie PunyadeeraSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-8259
Linda ChangDepartments of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0699
Howard E GendelmanDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. hegendel@unmc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-0370
University of Nebraska Medical Center · USNebraska Medical Center · USMaharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University · INNanjing Agricultural University · CNTranslational Research Institute · AUUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore · USUniversity of Nebraska at Omaha · US
Funding
Therapeutics Core (Page 286)P30MH062261 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI FOX, HOWARD S · 2000 to 2021
$37.7MPharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug InteractionsP01DA028555 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI BOSKA, MICHAEL DOUGLAS · 2010 to 2019
$16.8MNeuroprotective Immunity and HIV DementiaR01NS034239 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI Howard E Gendelman, R Lee Mosley · 1995 to 2026
$12.3MTOWARD A MODEL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASER01NS033249 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI ASHE, KAREN H · 1994 to 2013
$6.5MNanomedicine and NeuroAIDSR01NS036126 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI GENDELMAN, HOWARD E · 1997 to 2017
$5.7MProdrug Formulations Create Sustained-Release AntiretroviralsR01AI145542 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI Benson Edagwa, Howard E Gendelman · 2019 to 2026
$5.3MTargeted lipid nanoparticles for gene therapeutics delivery approach to eradicating HIV reservoirsR01MH121402 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI Benson Edagwa, Howard E Gendelman · 2019 to 2026
$4.9MCombined Molecular Excision Therapy (CMET) for Eliminating HIV-1R01MH115860 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI GENDELMAN, HOWARD E · 2017 to 2021
$3.5MLASER ART for PrePR01AI158160 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI EDAGWA, BENSON, GENDELMAN, HOWARD E · 2021 to 2025
$3.5MSMART HANDR01AG043540 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI GENDELMAN, HOWARD E, POLUEKTOVA, LARISA Y · 2013 to 2017
$3.1MGlutaminase and its neurotoxic link to HANDR01NS097195 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI GENDELMAN, HOWARD E · 2016 to 2020
$1.5MNeuroimmunology of Disease Training ProgramT32NS105594 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER · PI Aditya N Bade, Howard E Gendelman · 2018 to 2026
$1.4MNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI145542NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI158160NIA NIH HHS R01 AG043530NIA NIH HHS R01 AG043540NIDA NIH HHS P01 DA028555NIMH NIH HHS P30 MH062261NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH115860NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121402NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121402-01A1NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121402P01NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS033249NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS034239NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS036126NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS097195NINDS NIH HHS T32 NS105594
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to nearly every corner of the globe, causing societal instability. The resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to fever, sore throat, cough, chest and muscle pain, dyspnoea, confusion, anosmia, ageusia and headache. These can progress to life-threatening respiratory insufficiency, also affecting the heart, kidney, liver and nervous systems. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is often confused with that of influenza and seasonal upper respiratory tract viral infections. Due to available treatment strategies and required containments, rapid diagnosis is mandated. This Review brings clarity to the rapidly growing body of available and in-development diagnostic tests, including nanomaterial-based tools. It serves as a resource guide for scientists, physicians, students and the public at large.
Indexed as
SARS-CoV-2Antibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralBrainCOVID-19COVID-19 Nucleic Acid TestingCOVID-19 Serological TestingCOVID-19 TestingHigh-Throughput Nucleotide SequencingHumansLungMetagenomicsNanostructuresNanotechnologyPandemicsViral LoadAntibodies, ViralAntigens, Viral
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.