ReviewActa diabetologica2021
The triumvirate: why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19.
Review in Acta diabetologica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of diabetes, hypertension and obesity with COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2023Pooled it
- Weight loss treatment for COVID-19 in patients with NCDs: a pilot prospective clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Key Salivary Proteins Implicated in the Inhibition of Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms by Chlorogenic Acid.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection in Hohoe Municipality, Ghana: A case-control study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prevalence and clustering trends association of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors and ASCVD risk change in ethnic areas of the Southwest China plateau: progressively increasing sex disparity.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Assessing the impact of chronic respiratory diseases on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality in the Italian population: a comparative study.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors on time to nucleic acid negative conversion in hypertensive patients with SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection: a propensity score matching study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Observational
- Potential Effects of Hyperglycemia on SARS-CoV-2 Entry Mechanisms in Pancreatic Beta Cells.Viruses · 2024Review
- Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID.NPJ science of food · 2024Review
- Comorbidities and their association with COVID-19 mortality in Mexico between January 2020 and August 2021.PloS one · 2024Article
- Pathological Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with Hematological Abnormalities.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- Review
- Mixed storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A narrative review and new term in the Covid-19 era.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- Sports activity limitation during the COVID-19 pandemic in young Italian athletes: impact on mental health in children, adolescents, and young adults.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein targeted serology test results and their association with subsequent COVID-19-related outcomes.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Changing face of socio-economic vulnerability and COVID-19: An analysis of country wealth during the first two years of the pandemic.PloS one · 2023Article
- Roles of CRP and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in the Prediction of Readmission of COVID-19 Patients Discharged From the ED.Journal of acute medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors. However, these inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disorder, and diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas diabetes and hypertension may be indirectly related to each other through the effects of obesity. Furthermore, people with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like cardiovascular and kidney diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection than the general population and usually exhibit poor prognosis. This severity could be due to systemic inflammation and compromised immune response and RAS associated with these comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatment methods that do not affect the severity of COVID-19 infection and effectively manage these chronic diseases in people with COVID-19.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.