Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33586871›Full record

ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2021

Using the health belief model to identify barriers to seasonal influenza vaccination among Australian adults in 2019.

Mallory J Trent, Daniel A Salmon, C Raina MacIntyre

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05996549 (Acceptability, Cost-Effectiveness, and Capacity of a Facility-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccination), which is not on this map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
5.1field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05996549 phase4unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Acceptability, Cost-Effectiveness, and Capacity of a Facility-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: A Study in Selected Hospitals of Bangladesh

TypeinterventionalSponsorInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshRan2022 to 2024Enrolled2,567ConditionsInfluenza Vaccine, Cost-Effectiveness, VaccinationArmsQuadrivalent Influenza Vaccine
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. Perceptions About Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines Among People With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Mallory J TrentBiosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5264-2660
Daniel A SalmonDepartments of International Health and Health, Behavior and Society, Institute for Vaccine Safety, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
C Raina MacIntyreBiosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
UNSW Sydney · AUJohns Hopkins University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEach year tens of thousands of Australians become ill with influenza, resulting in thousands of severe infections that require hospitalisation. However, only 40% of adults receive the annual influenza vaccine. We surveyed Australian adults to provide up to date, population-specific data on the predictors and barriers of seasonal influenza vaccination.

methodsWe administered an online survey to a nationally representative sample of Australian adults. We designed survey questions using the theoretical constructs of the health belief model. Using simple and multivariable Poisson regression, we identified attitudes and beliefs associated with influenza vaccination in 2019.

resultsAmong 1,444 respondents, 51.7% self-reported influenza vaccination in 2019. We estimated vaccine coverage to be 44% for adults under 45, 46% for adults aged 45 to 64 and 77% for adults aged 65 and over. The strongest individual predictors of self-reported vaccination were believing the vaccine is effective at preventing influenza (APR = 3.71; 95% CI = 2.87-4.80), followed by recalling their doctor recommending the vaccine (APR = 2.70; 95% CI = 2.31-3.16). Common perceived barriers that predicted self-reported vaccination included believing the vaccine could give you influenza (APR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.52-0.67), believing the vaccine can make you ill afterwards (APR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.62-0.74) and preferring to develop immunity "naturally" (APR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.32-0.45).

conclusionAlthough vaccine uptake in 2019 appears to be higher than previous years, there are perceived barriers which may limit uptake among Australians. Tailored interventions are needed to combat widespread influenza vaccine hesitancy, particularly among high-risk groups.

Indexed as

Influenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesAdultAustraliaCross-Sectional StudiesHealth Belief ModelHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansSeasonsSurveys and QuestionnairesVaccinationInfluenza VaccinesAustraliabarriershealth belief modelinfluenzapredictors of vaccinationvaccine hesitancy

Identifiers

PMID33586871
PMCPMC8404057
OpenAlexW3132683572

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.