ReviewThe Journal of pathology2021
COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options.
Review in The Journal of pathology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, including the impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the context of the development and general clinical characteristics of the disease.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Pooled it
- Enpatoran in COVID-19 pneumonia: Safety and efficacy results from a phase II randomized trial.Clinical and translational science · 2023Trial
- Comparison of the efficacy of equivalent doses of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone for treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective three-arm randomized clinical trial.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2023Trial
- Efficacy and safety of Ixekizumab vs. low-dose IL-2 vs. Colchicine vs. standard of care in the treatment of patients hospitalized with moderate-to-critical COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical trial (STRUCK: Survival Trial Using Cytokine Inhibitors).Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2023Trial
- Mendelian randomization study: investigating the causal impact of Covid-19 on adverse pregnancy outcomes.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a model for early prediction of severe/critical COVID-19 in elderly patients.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry-associated proteins in COPD airways: an immunohistochemical study.The Journal of pathology · 2025Article
- Epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, immune response, diagnosis, and complications of acute pancreatitis: current insights.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Pyroptosis in Respiratory Virus Infections: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Potential Therapeutic Interventions.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Post-COVID-19 condition: clinical phenotypes, pathophysiological mechanisms, pathology, and management strategies.The Journal of pathology · 2025Review
- Neuroimaging biomarkers of post-acute sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 2019.The British journal of radiology · 2025Review
- Hematologic and Immunologic Overlap Between COVID-19 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- COVID-19 management in patients with comorbid conditions.World journal of virology · 2025Review
- Clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection is associated with the stage of liver cirrhosis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Antiviral effect of Bromelain combined with acetylcysteine against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Health-Related Quality of Life and Functional Status of Post-COVID-19 Patients.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Annual SZ: An Alternative Immunotherapy for COVID-19 and Long COVID.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Versatile Therapeutic Approach for Cancer, Autoimmune Disorders, GVHD and COVID-19.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Immune-Related Peripheral Keratopathy in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.International medical case reports journal · 2025Article
- Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among blood donors from two Brazilian states in the post-vaccination period: a prospective cohort study.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread globally despite the worldwide implementation of preventive measures to combat the disease. Although most COVID-19 cases are characterised by a mild, self-limiting disease course, a considerable subset of patients develop a more severe condition, varying from pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to multi-organ failure (MOF). Progression of COVID-19 is thought to occur as a result of a complex interplay between multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, all of which may orchestrate SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to organ-specific tissue damage. In this respect, dissecting currently available knowledge of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is crucially important, not only to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology but also to fuel the rationale of both novel and repurposed treatment modalities. Various immune-mediated pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection are relevant in this context, which relate to innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and autoimmunity. Pathological findings in tissue specimens of patients with COVID-19 provide valuable information with regard to our understanding of pathophysiology as well as the development of evidence-based treatment regimens. This review provides an updated overview of the main pathological changes observed in COVID-19 within the most commonly affected organ systems, with special emphasis on immunopathology. Current management strategies for COVID-19 include supportive care and the use of repurposed or symptomatic drugs, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anticoagulants. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID-19, and this requires appropriate measures to attenuate its spread and, above all, the development and implementation of effective vaccines. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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