ArticleCurrent opinion in behavioral sciences2021
A guide to the measurement and interpretation of fMRI test-retest reliability.
Article in Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neurobiological Alterations in Females With PTSD: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
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- Precision fMRI reveals densely interdigitated network patches with conserved motifs in the lateral prefrontal cortex.Neuron · 2026Article
- Evaluating the reliability of functional near-infrared spectroscopy data in the context of a reasoning paradigm.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Effects of working memory and reward reactivity on externalizing behaviors in the ABCD study.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- External validation improves generalizability, replicability and reproducibility in predictive models for neuroimaging.Nature methods · 2026Review
- Convergent and divergent brain-cognition development in early adolescence.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Developing Clinically Interpretable Neuroimaging Biotypes in Psychiatry.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- Dense longitudinal neuroimaging reveals individual brain change trajectories.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2026Review
- Towards a general-purpose foundation model for functional MRI analysis.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Comment on "MfMRI assessment of muscle activation by swallowing exercises in laryngectomized individuals: investigating conventional and resistance-based exercises using the swallowing exercise aid (SEA)".European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- A low-variance subspace underlies individual differences in resting state fMRI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Robust FDR Control for Neuroimaging-based Classification via Knockoffs.AMIA Joint Summits on Translational Science proceedings. AMIA Joint Summits on Translational Science · 2026Article
- Article
- Connectome caricatures remove large-amplitude coactivation patterns in resting-state fMRI to emphasize individual differences.Nature neuroscience · 2025Article
- Test-retest reliability of edge-level resting-state functional connectivity in people with aphasia.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Metrics for estimating individual-level changes in functional brain connectivity and their correspondence with topology changes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Improving predictability, reliability, and generalizability of brain-wide associations for cognitive abilities via multimodal stacking.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Wearable fNIRS platform for dense sampling and precision functional neuroimaging.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Investigative Approaches to Resilient Emotion Regulation Neurodevelopment in a South African Birth Cohort.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The test-retest reliability of functional neuroimaging data has recently been a topic of much discussion. Despite early conflicting reports, converging reports now suggest that test-retest reliability is poor for standard univariate measures-namely, voxel- and region-level task-based activation and edge-level functional connectivity. To better understand the implications of these recent studies requires understanding the nuances of test-retest reliability as commonly measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Here we provide a guide to the measurement and interpretation of test-retest reliability in functional neuroimaging and review major findings in the literature. We highlight the importance of making choices that improve reliability so long as they do not diminish validity, pointing to the potential of multivariate approaches that improve both. Finally, we discuss the implications of recent reports of low test-retest reliability in the context of ongoing work in the field.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.