ArticleCureus2021
Protein-Energy Malnutrition Increases Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Bacterial Pneumonia: A Retrospective Nationwide Database Analysis.
Article in Cureus, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of oral frailty prevalence among older hospitalized patients.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Global observational analysis of the Quality of Care Index (QCI) for protein-energy malnutrition from 1990 to 2021.Medicine · 2026Observational
- Nomogram for predicting 28-day mortality in bacterial pneumonia with sepsis and acute kidney injury: A study based on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV database.SAGE open medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Nutritional Supplementation Would Be Cost-Effective for Reducing Tuberculosis Incidence and Mortality in India: The Ration Optimization to Impede Tuberculosis (ROTI-TB) Model.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Tailoring nutrition therapy amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Does it work?Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is a less commonly recognized risk factor for various infections. It encompasses both undernutrition or protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and overnutrition, including obesity. This study aimed to evaluate whether PEM impacts bacterial pneumonia (BP) and, if so, to quantify the degree of impact on inpatient outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study involving adult hospitalizations for BP using the nationwide inpatient database. Outcomes included comparing inpatient mortality, total hospital charges, length of hospital stay, as well as complications from bacterial pneumonia. Results The in-hospital mortality for adults with BP was 2.62%. Patients with PEM had a higher adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of inpatient mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.14 - 2.48, p<0.001) as compared to non-PEM patients. PEM was also associated with higher odds of sepsis (aOR: 2.24, 95% CI: 2.04 - 2.46, p<0.001), septic shock (aOR: 3.29, 95% CI: 2.82 - 3.85, p<0.001), requiring mechanical ventilation (aOR: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.31 - 2.71, p<0.001), requiring vasopressors (aOR: 2.90, 95% CI: 2.20 - 3.83, p<0.001), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (aOR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.33 - 2.00, p<0.001), acute kidney failure (AKI) (aOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.18 - 1.29, p<0.001), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (aOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.62 - 2.00, p<0.001), and pulmonary embolism (PE) (aOR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.45, p=0.003). Conclusion The study concluded that PEM was an independent mortality predictor for those with BP, with an increased risk of systemic complications, as well as increased healthcare utilization costs.
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