ArticleFrontiers in immunology2020
Assessing Autophagy in Microglia: A Two-Step Model to Determine Autophagosome Formation, Degradation, and Net Turnover.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Temporal dynamics of thermal warming in brown trout hepatocyte spheroids: ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence of cellular remodelling.Cell and tissue research · 2026Article
- Ceramide kinase/ceramide 1-phosphate signaling regulates LC3B expression and autophagosome formation.Journal of lipid research · 2026Article
- Autophagy-lysosome networks in oligodendrocytes: a dynamic framework for myelin integrity.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Study on the mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibiting the proliferation of renal cancer cells by inducing autophagy through the miR-27a-5p/LC3 axis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Sepsis Induces Long-Term Muscle and Mitochondrial Dysfunction due to Autophagy Disruption Amenable by Urolithin A.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
- Bafilomycin 1A Affects p62/SQSTM1 Autophagy Marker Protein Level and Autophagosome Puncta Formation Oppositely under Various Inflammatory Conditions in Cultured Rat Microglial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- ATG5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia controls hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer disease.Autophagy · 2024Article
- Modulating autophagy to treat diseases: A revisited review on in silico methods.Journal of advanced research · 2024Review
- Article
- A comprehensive review of the anticancer effects of decursin.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Inhibition of WNK Kinases in NK Cells Disrupts Cellular Osmoregulation and Control of Tumor Metastasis.Journal of innate immunity · 2024Article
- Studying Autophagy in Microglia: Overcoming the Obstacles.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- The Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Autophagy for Urological Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in stroke is driven by energy depletion and induction of autophagy.Autophagy · 2023Article
- Siponimod Modulates the Reaction of Microglial Cells to Pro-Inflammatory Stimulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
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- Article
- Functional genome-wide short hairpin RNA library screening identifies key molecules for extracellular vesicle secretion from microglia.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Traumatic brain injury in the presence of Aβ pathology affects neuronal survival, glial activation and autophagy.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex process that encompasses the enclosure of cytoplasmic debris or dysfunctional organelles in membranous vesicles, the autophagosomes, for their elimination in the lysosomes. Autophagy is increasingly recognized as a critical process in macrophages, including microglia, as it finely regulates innate immune functions such as inflammation. A gold-standard method to assess its induction is the analysis of the autophagic flux using as a surrogate the expression of the microtubule-associated light chain protein 3 conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (LC3-II) by Western blot, in the presence of lysosomal inhibitors. Therefore, the current definition of autophagy flux actually puts the focus on the degradation stage of autophagy. In contrast, the most important autophagy controlling genes that have been identified in the last few years in fact target early stages of autophagosome formation. From a biological standpoint is therefore conceivable that autophagosome formation and degradation are independently regulated and we argue that both stages need to be systematically analyzed. Here, we propose a simple two-step model to understand changes in autophagosome formation and degradation using data from conventional LC3-II Western blot, and test it using two models of autophagy modulation in cultured microglia: rapamycin and the ULK1/2 inhibitor, MRT68921. Our two-step model will help to unravel the effect of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental manipulations on both formation and degradation of autophagosomes, contributing to dissect out the role of autophagy in physiology and pathology in microglia as well as other cell types.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.