ArticleFrontiers in integrative neuroscience2020
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Investigation on Core Symptoms and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Preschoolers.
Article in Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- Adaptive Functioning, Sensory Processing, and Behavioral Problems in Autistic Children: The Moderating Role of Gender.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Co-occurring Psychopathology in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Differences by Sex in the ECHO Cohorts.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Broad autism phenotype and parental personality in parents of preschoolers with autism: associations with social and behavioral profile.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- EEG Abnormalities and Phenotypic Correlates in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Single-Center Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the prevalence of common comorbidities in autism: a narrative review.Ewha medical journal · 2025Review
- Dysregulation Profile in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Italian Multi-Center Perspective.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Time is of the essence: Age at autism diagnosis, sex assigned at birth, and psychopathology.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- Characterizing individual differences in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a descriptive study.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- A longitudinal comparison of emotional, behavioral and attention problems in autistic and typically developing children.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Sex Differences in Brain Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Sex Differences in the Developmental Trajectories of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Current developmental disorders reports · 2023Article
- Sex-Related Changes in the Clinical, Genetic, Electrophysiological, Connectivity, and Molecular Presentations of ASD: A Comparison between Human and Animal Models of ASD with Reference to Our Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Psychiatric Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Study on Prevalence, Distribution and Clinical Features in an Italian Sample.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Examine sex differences in autism spectrum disorder in school-aged children and adolescents with fluent language.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Amelioration of Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Autism Relevant Behaviors by Gut CommensalInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Reelin cells and sex-dependent synaptopathology in autism following postnatal immune activation.British journal of pharmacology · 2022Article
- Social play experience in juvenile rats is indispensable for appropriate socio-sexual behavior in adulthood in males but not females.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Findings regarding sex differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as far as core symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities (PC) are concerned, are inconsistent, inconclusive, or conflicting among studies. The lower prevalence of ASD in females than in males and the age and intelligence quotient (IQ) heterogeneity among samples made it difficult to investigate these differences. This case-control study tries to deepen the impact of sex differences on core symptoms of autism and PC in 214 preschoolers with ASD (mean age, 45.26) without impairment in non-verbal IQ (nvIQ ≥70). A total of 107 ASD females (mean age, 44.51 ± 13.79 months) were matched one by one with 107 males (mean age, 46.01 ± 13.42 months) for chronological age (±6 months) and nvIQ (±6 points). We used the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 1.5-5 to explore autism severity and PC. The results highlight that ASD females did not significantly differ from ASD males regarding the severity of autism. Statistically significant lower levels of emotionally reactive (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.