SynthesisPharmacotherapy2021
Food effects on the formulation, dosing, and administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans: A systematic review of clinical studies.
Synthesis in Pharmacotherapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of liposomal synthetic cannabidiol injected subcutaneously in dogs: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Trial
- Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of Oral Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol for Essential Tremor.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Trial
- A Machine Learning Platform for Imputing Missing Critical Quality Attributes in Pharmaceutical Development.The AAPS journal · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol for Mucosal Diseases: Therapeutic Potential and Advanced Delivery Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Advances in Functional Foods: Using Double Emulsion Gels to Deliver CBD and Probiotics and to Modulate Human Gut Microbial Communities.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol: Pharmaceutical formulations and biomedical applications.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Using a PBPK Model Incorporating Lymphatic Absorption to Predict Food Effect, Multiple Dosing, and Hepatic Impairment of Cannabidiol.Clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Innovative Strategies to Enhance the Bioavailability of Cannabidiol: Nanotechnology and Advanced Delivery Systems.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Article
- An Unexpected Activity of a Minor Cannabinoid: Cannabicyclol (CBL) Is a Potent Positive Allosteric Modulator of Serotonin 5-HTJournal of natural products · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol and its two main phase I metabolites in Connemara ponies.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Liposomal-synthetic-cannabidiol: preliminary translational evidence of efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics following repeated subcutaneous injections in two goats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy AgainstAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- CBD Versus CBDP: Comparing In Vitro Receptor-Binding Activities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Cannabielsoin (CBE), a CBD Oxidation Product, Is a Biased CBBiomedicines · 2024Article
- Protocol for a pragmatic trial of Cannabidiol (CBD) to improve chronic pain symptoms among United States Veterans.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose enteral cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid rich hemp in horses (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Separation and Enrichment of Cannabidiol from Hemp Leaf Samples.ACS omega · 2023Article
- A Pilot Study on Cannabidiol (CBD) and Eccentric Exercise: Impact on Inflammation, Performance, and Pain.International journal of exercise science · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid from the Cannabis plant, is increasingly being pursued as a treatment for differing ailments. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CBD are not well understood, and proper dosing schemes have not been adequately developed for its clinical use. CBD is a lipophilic molecule and exhibits low water solubility, so its formulation expectedly impacts its gastrointestinal absorption and subsequent blood plasma concentrations. In this review article, the food effects on CBD pharmacokinetics were analyzed. Clinical trials focusing on the performance of Epidiolex, the FDA-approved CBD formulation, were found in several databases and systematically analyzed in terms of administration method, dosing schedules, and patient characteristics. 44 data sets from clinical trials were found to be useful in the quantitative analysis. Following the normalization of all the pharmacokinetic data sets by dose and patient weight, CBD exhibited a much greater bioavailability in fed patients. For Epidiolex, administration in the fed state led to lower interindividual variability and more predictable pharmacokinetics. Considering all the different oral formulations of CBD, further analysis points to the main excipient of oral CBD formulations (refined sesame seed oil) as a major contributor to the dose-dependent variations in CBD pharmacokinetics, especially affecting the fasted state. We discuss the implications of these results on the downstream pharmacodynamics of endocannabinoid receptor modulation and its broad physiological implications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.