ReviewApplied microbiology and biotechnology2021
Toxin-antitoxin systems and their medical applications: current status and future perspective.
Review in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- The environmental adaptation of acidophilic archaea: promotion of horizontal gene transfer by genomic islands.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin system in bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems inInfection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Feature selection and aggregation for antibiotic resistance GWAS inFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Using nucleolytic toxins as restriction enzymes enables new RNA applications.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Cyclic di-GMP as an antitoxin regulates bacterial genome stability and antibiotic persistence in biofilms.eLife · 2024Article
- Long Dynamic β1-β2 Loops inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- I am better than I look: genome based safety assessment of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- Bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin Systems' Cross-Interactions-Implications for Practical Use in Medicine and Biotechnology.Toxins · 2023Review
- Identification and Characterization of HEPN-MNT Type II TA System from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus ΔH.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Article
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems inToxins · 2023Review
- The DarT/DarG Toxin-Antitoxin ADP-Ribosylation System as a Novel Target for a Rational Design of Innovative Antimicrobial Strategies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- eDNA-stimulated cell dispersion fromeLife · 2023Article
- A toxin-deformation dependent inhibition mechanism in the T7SS toxin-antitoxin system of Gram-positive bacteria.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Evaluating the Contribution of the Predicted Toxin-Antitoxin System HigBA to Persistence, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- Structural insights into the PrpTA toxin-antitoxin system inFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- A Shift in Perspective: A Role for the Type I Toxin TisB as Persistence-Stabilizing Factor.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Almost all bacteria synthesize two types of toxins-one for its survival by regulating different cellular processes and another as a strategy to interact with host cells for pathogenesis. Usually, "bacterial toxins" are contemplated as virulence factors that harm the host organism. However, toxins produced by bacteria, as a survival strategy against the host, also hamper its cellular processes. To overcome this, the bacteria have evolved with the production of a molecule, referred to as antitoxin, to negate the deleterious effect of the toxin against itself. The toxin and antitoxins are encoded by a two-component toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. The antitoxin, a protein or RNA, sequesters the toxins of the TA system for neutralization within the bacterial cell. In this review, we have described different TA systems of bacteria and their potential medical and biotechnological applications. It is of interest to note that while bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems have been well studied, the TA system in unicellular eukaryotes, though predicted by the investigators, have never been paid the desired attention. In the present review, we have also touched upon the TA system of eukaryotes identified to date. KEY POINTS: Bacterial toxins harm the host and also affect the bacterial cellular processes. The antitoxin produced by bacteria protect it from the toxin's harmful effects. The toxin-antitoxin systems can be targeted for various medical applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.