ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2021
Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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37citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of sample site and collection procedure on identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- The diagnostic accuracy of RT-PCR from self-collected saliva versus nasopharyngeal sampling: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Saudi medical journal · 2022Pooled it
- Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or combination therapy (FLARE): A randomised, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial of early antiviral therapy in COVID-19.PLoS medicine · 2022Trial
- Initial analysis of viral dynamics and circulating viral variants during the mRNA-1273 Phase 3 COVE trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- Dry Swabs and Dried Saliva as Alternative Samples for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Remote Areas in Lao PDR.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- CRISPR-Based Assays for Point-of-Need Detection and Subtyping of Influenza.The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD · 2024Article
- Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A one-step low-cost molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 detection suitable for community testing using minimally processed saliva.Biology methods & protocols · 2024Article
- Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva and Its Correlation with pH Levels among Dental Students under Different Stressful Conditions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Mucosal response of inactivated and recombinant COVID-19 vaccines in Congolese individuals.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- Pooling of six respiratory samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A validation and cost study in a cohort in Lima, Peru.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Recent advances in RNA sample preparation techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and gargle.Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC · 2023Review
- Advancements in SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Enhancing Accessibility through Machine Learning-Enhanced Biosensors.Micromachines · 2023Review
- Probable Evidence of Aerosol Transmission of SARS-COV-2 in a COVID-19 Outbreak of a High-Rise Building.Environmental health insights · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Japan.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Validation of RT-qPCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva specimens.Journal of infection and public health · 2022Article
- Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection: A scoping review.Oral diseases · 2022Article
- Pre-analytical sample stabilization by different sampling devices for PCR-based COVID-19 diagnostics.New biotechnology · 2022Article
- Viral RNA Load and Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in Paired Respiratory and Oral Specimens from Symptomatic, Asymptomatic, or Postsymptomatic Individuals.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- RT-qPCR-based tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection in pooled saliva samples for massive population screening to monitor epidemics.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
78 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Luis A HerreraInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: lherrera@inmegen.gob.mx.
Alfredo Hidalgo-MirandaLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: ahidalgo@inmegen.gob.mx.
Nancy Reynoso-NoverónUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Abelardo A Meneses-GarcíaInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCAN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Alfredo Mendoza-VargasUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Juan P Reyes-GrajedaUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Felipe Vadillo-OrtegaUnidad de Vinculación Científica Facultad de Medicina-INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Alberto Cedro-TandaInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Fernando PeñalozaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Emmanuel Frías-JimenezInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Cristian Arriaga-CanonUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Rosaura RuizSecretaria de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ofelia AnguloSecretaria de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Mexico City, Mexico.
Imelda López-VillaseñorInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Carlos Amador-BedollaDepartamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Diana Vilar-CompteInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCAN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Patricia CornejoInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCAN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Mireya Cisneros-VillanuevaLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Eduardo Hurtado-CordovaLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Mariana Cendejas-OrozcoLaboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
José S Hernández-MoralesUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Bernardo MorenoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Irwin A Hernández-CruzUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
César A HerreraUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Francisco GarcíaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Miguel A González-WogeUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Paulina Munguía-GarzaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Fernando Luna-MaldonadoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Antonia Sánchez-VizcarraUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Vincent G OsnayaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Nelly Medina-MolotlaUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Yair Alfaro-MoraUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Rodrigo E Cáceres-GutiérrezUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Laura Tolentino-GarcíaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Patricia Rosas-EscobarUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Sergio A Román-GonzálezInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Marco A Escobar-ArrazolaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Julio C Canseco-MéndezUnidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Diana R Ortiz-SorianoInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Julieta Domínguez-OrtizUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ana D González-BarreraInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Diana I Aparicio-BautistaInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Armando Cruz-RangelInstituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ana Paula Alarcón-ZendejasUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Laura Contreras-EspinosaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Rodrigo GonzálezUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Lissania Guerra-CalderasUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Marco A Meraz-RodríguezUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Michel Montalvo-CasimiroUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Rogelio Montiel-ManríquezUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Karla Torres-ArcigaUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Daniela VenegasUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Vasti Juárez-GonzálezUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Xiadani Guajardo-BarretoUnidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Verónica Monroy-MartínezInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Daniel GuillénInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Jacquelina FernándezInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Juliana HerreraInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Renato León-RodriguezInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Israel Canela-PérezInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Blanca H Ruíz-OrdazInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Rafael Valdez-VazquezUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Jennifer Bertin-MontoyaUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
María Niembro-OrtegaUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Liudmila Villegas-AcostaUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Daniela López-CastilloUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Andrea Soriano-RíosUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Michael Gastelum-RamosUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Tonatiuh Zamora-BarandasUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
Jorge Morales-BaezUnidad Temporal COVID-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
María García-RodríguezUnidad de Investigación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, Mexico.
Mariano García-MartínezUnidad de Investigación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, Mexico.
Erik Nieto-PatlánUnidad de Investigación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, Mexico.
Maricarmen Quirasco-BaruchDepartamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Irma López-MartínezInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ernesto Ramírez-GonzalezInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, Mexico.
Hiram Olivera-DíazInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, Mexico.
Noe Escobar-EscamillaInstituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, Mexico City, Mexico.
Instituto Nacional de Cancerología · MXNational Institute of Genomic Medicine · MXUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México · MXSecretaria de Salud · MXSecretaría de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación · MX
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of saliva sampling as a non-invasive and safer tool to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to compare its reproducibility and sensitivity with nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPS). The use of sample pools was also investigated.
methodsA total of 2107 paired samples were collected from asymptomatic healthcare and office workers in Mexico City. Sixty of these samples were also analyzed in two other independent laboratories for concordance analysis. Sample processing and analysis of virus genetic material were performed according to standard protocols described elsewhere. A pooling analysis was performed by analyzing the saliva pool and the individual pool components.
resultsThe concordance between NPS and saliva results was 95.2% (kappa 0.727, p = 0.0001) and 97.9% without considering inconclusive results (kappa 0.852, p = 0.0001). Saliva had a lower number of inconclusive results than NPS (0.9% vs 1.9%). Furthermore, saliva showed a significantly higher concentration of both total RNA and viral copies than NPS. Comparison of our results with those of the other two laboratories showed 100% and 97% concordance. Saliva samples are stable without the use of any preservative, and a positive SARS-CoV-2 sample can be detected 5, 10, and 15 days after collection when the sample is stored at 4 °C.
conclusionsThe study results indicate that saliva is as effective as NPS for the identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic patients. Sample pooling facilitates the analysis of a larger number of samples, with the benefit of cost reduction.
Indexed as
COVID-19Cross-Sectional StudiesHumansNasopharynxReproducibility of ResultsSalivaSARS-CoV-2Specimen HandlingCOVID-19Diagnostic testPooling strategySaliva testingSARS-CoV-2
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