Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33580033›Full record

ArticleNPJ schizophrenia2021

One-year randomized trial comparing virtual reality-assisted therapy to cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Laura Dellazizzo, Stéphane Potvin, Kingsada Phraxayavong, Alexandre Dumais

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ schizophrenia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07777679 (A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Evaluating Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 49 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
49citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
9.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07777679 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Evaluating Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (VR-CBT) as a Prehabilitation Intervention for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, IrvineRan2026 to 2028Enrolled80ConditionsDegenerative Spine Disease, Spinal Stenosis LumbarArmsVirtual Reality-Based CBT Prehabilitation (VR-CBT), CBT Prehabilitation without Virtual Reality
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

49 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Laura DellazizzoResearch center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-130X
Stéphane PotvinResearch center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
Kingsada PhraxayavongServices et Recherches Psychiatriques AD, Montreal, Canada.
Alexandre DumaisResearch center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada. alexandre.dumais@umontreal.ca.
Université de Montréal · CAInstitut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The gold-standard cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for psychosis offers at best modest effects. With advances in technology, virtual reality (VR) therapies for auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), such as AVATAR therapy (AT) and VR-assisted therapy (VRT), are amid a new wave of relational approaches that may heighten effects. Prior trials have shown greater effects of these therapies on AVH up to a 24-week follow-up. However, no trial has compared them to a recommended active treatment with a 1-year follow-up. We performed a pilot randomized comparative trial evaluating the short- and long-term efficacy of VRT over CBT for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Patients were randomized to VRT (n = 37) or CBT (n = 37). Clinical assessments were administered before and after each intervention and at follow-up periods up to 12 months. Between and within-group changes in psychiatric symptoms were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. Short-term findings showed that both interventions produced significant improvements in AVH severity and depressive symptoms. Although results did not show a statistically significant superiority of VRT over CBT for AVH, VRT did achieve larger effects particularly on overall AVH (d = 1.080 for VRT and d = 0.555 for CBT). Furthermore, results suggested a superiority of VRT over CBT on affective symptoms. VRT also showed significant results on persecutory beliefs and quality of life. Effects were maintained up to the 1-year follow-up. VRT highlights the future of patient-tailored approaches that may show benefits over generic CBT for voices. A fully powered single-blind randomized controlled trial comparing VRT to CBT is underway.

Identifiers

PMID33580033
PMCPMC7881089
OpenAlexW3127440041

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.