ReviewMetabolites2021
Metabolic Alterations Associated with γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid and the Potential of Metabolites as Biomarkers of Its Exposure.
Review in Metabolites, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prolonged Detection of GHB Intake in Urine: Are We Finally There?Drug testing and analysis · 2025Trial
- GC-MS-based metabolome classification of sturgeon caviar and fish roe samples reveals unique caviar signatures, interspecies and gender variabilities.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrative profiling of gut microbiome, bacteriophagenome, and predicted metabolome in obese adults: novel insights into intervention targets.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- A Drosophila model of prion disease and its metabolic changes in the brain.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Comparative plasma metabolomics of Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants: insights into variant-specific pathogenesis and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Prospects for nasal delivery of a pharmacologic agent for neuroprotective experimental therapy after prenatal hypoxia.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Interaction between γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Ethanol: A Review from Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Perspectives.Metabolites · 2023Review
- A Retrospective Metabolomics Analysis of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate in Humans: New Potential Markers and Changes in Metabolism Related to GHB Consumption.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Urinary Profile of Endogenous Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid and its Biomarker Metabolites in Healthy Korean Females: Determination of Age-Dependent and Intra-Individual Variability and Identification of Metabolites Correlated With Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous short chain fatty acid that acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the mammalian brain. It has often been illegally abused or misused due to its strong anesthetic effect, particularly in drug-facilitated crimes worldwide. However, proving its ingestion is not straightforward because of the difficulty in distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous GHB, as well as its rapid metabolism. Metabolomics and metabolism studies have recently been used to identify potential biomarkers of GHB exposure. This mini-review provides an overview of GHB-associated metabolic alterations and explores the potential of metabolites for application as biomarkers of GHB exposure. For this, we discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of GHB, analytical issues of GHB in biological samples, alterations in metabolic pathways, and changes in the levels of GHB conjugates in biological samples from animal and human studies. Metabolic alterations in organic acids, amino acids, and polyamines in urine enable discrimination between GHB-ingested animals or humans and controls. The potential of GHB conjugates has been investigated in a variety of clinical settings. Despite the recent growth in the application of metabolomics and metabolism studies associated with GHB exposure, it remains challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous GHB. This review highlights the significance of further metabolomics and metabolism studies for the discovery of practical peripheral biomarkers of GHB exposure.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.