ReviewCancers2021
The Underlying Biology and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of Leptomeningeal Metastases in Adult Solid Cancers.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intrathecal trastuzumab versus alternate routes of delivery for HER2-targeted therapies in patients with HER2+ breast cancer leptomeningeal metastases.Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2023Pooled it
- Variant Allelic Frequency to Track Therapy Response and Evaluate Leptomeningeal Disease in Metastatic Central Nervous System Cancers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Spinal leptomeningeal disease in patients with solid tumors: A single-center study on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer: A Review.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2025Review
- Cerebral spinal fluid analyses and therapeutic implications for leptomeningeal metastatic disease.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Leptomeningeal metastatic disease: new frontiers and future directions.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Intrathecal administration of PD-1 inhibitor combined with pemetrexed for leptomeningeal metastases from breast cancer: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Leptomeningeal Masses or Masquerades: A Spectrum of Diseases with Leptomeningeal Enhancement and their Mimics.Current medical imaging · 2025Review
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Central Nervous System Metastases.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Review
- Article
- Repurposing mebendazole against triple-negative breast cancer CNS metastasis.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- The anatomic basis of leptomeningeal metastasis.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Review
- Animal models of brain and spinal cord metastases of NSCLC established using a brain stereotactic instrument.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Thinking (Metastasis) outside the (Primary Tumor) Box.Cancers · 2023Article
- Article
- The joint detection of CEA and ctDNA in cerebrospinal fluid: an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases in cancer.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Anatomical and surgical characteristics correlate with pachymeningeal failure in patients with brain metastases after neurosurgical resection and adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Article
- Article
- The Riddle of the Sphinx: Progress in Leptomeningeal Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2023Review
- The relevance of surgical status in nodular leptomeningeal metastasis patient outcomes.Neuro-oncology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Metastasis to the central nervous system occurs in approximately 20% of patients with advanced solid cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. While central nervous system metastases most commonly form in the brain parenchyma, metastatic cancer cells may also reside in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord to form tumors called leptomeningeal metastases. Leptomeningeal metastasis involves cancer cells that reach the subarachnoid space and proliferate in the cerebrospinal fluid compartment within the leptomeninges, a sequela associated with a myriad of symptoms and poor prognosis. Cancer cells exposed to cerebrospinal fluid in the leptomeninges must contend with a unique microenvironment from those that establish within the brain or other organs. Leptomeningeal lesions provide a formidable clinical challenge due to their often-diffuse infiltration within the subarachnoid space. The molecular mechanisms that promote the establishment of leptomeningeal metastases have begun to be elucidated, demonstrating that it is a biological entity distinct from parenchymal brain metastases and is associated with specific molecular drivers. In this review, we outline the current state of knowledge pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and molecular underpinnings of leptomeningeal metastasis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.