ArticleBiochemical and biophysical research communications2021
Age-dependent effects of the recombinant spike protein/SARS-CoV-2 on the M-CSF- and IL-34-differentiated macrophages in vitro.
Article in Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on bone homeostasis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Progress in research on osteoporosis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- The influence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure on retinal development in the human retinal organoids.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- Effects of IL-34 and anti-IL-34 neutralizing mAb on alveolar bone loss in a ligature-induced model of periodontitis.Molecular oral microbiology · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and its Multifaceted Impact on Bone Health: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- COVID-19 and Bone Loss: A Review of Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Future Directions.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- Cdc42 improve SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced cellular senescence through activating of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Fullerenol CInternational journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- SARS-COV-2 spike protein promotes RPE cell senescence via the ROS/P53/P21 pathway.Biogerontology · 2023Article
- Article
- Teicoplanin derivatives block spike protein mediated viral entry as pan-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023Article
- Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Exacerbate Alzheimer's Disease? An Overview of Shared Risk Factors and Pathogenetic Mechanisms.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pathogenicity on the Central Nervous System: Bridging Experimental Probes to Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Interventions.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Review
- Clinical and Radiological Deterioration in a Case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Hints to Accelerated Age-Dependent Neurodegeneration.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Endothelial Cell Activation by SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Protein: A Crosstalk between Endothelium and Innate Immune Cells.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Polarized Macrophages in Periodontitis: Characteristics, Function, and Molecular Signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes elevated production of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) markers by macrophages. SARS-CoV-2 enters macrophages through its Spike-protein aided by cathepsin (Cat) B and L, which also mediate SASP production. Since M-CSF and IL-34 control macrophage differentiation, we investigated the age-dependent effects of the Spike-protein on SASP-related pro-inflammatory-cytokines and nuclear-senescence-regulatory-factors, and CatB, L and K, in mouse M-CSF- and IL-34-differentiated macrophages. The Spike-protein upregulated SASP expression in young and aged male M-CSF-macrophages. In contrast, only young and aged male IL-34-macrophages demonstrated significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in response to the Spike-protein in vitro. Furthermore, the S-protein elevated CatB expression in young male M-CSF-macrophages and young female IL-34-macrophages, whereas CatL was overexpressed in young male IL-34- and old male M-CSF-macrophages. Surprisingly, the S-protein increased CatK activity in young and aged male M-CSF-macrophages, indicating that CatK may be also involved in the COVID-19 pathology. Altogether, we demonstrated the age- and sex-dependent effects of the Spike-protein on M-CSF and IL-34-macrophages using a novel in vitro mouse model of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.