ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2021
Hydroelectrolytic Disorder in COVID-19 patients: Evidence Supporting the Involvement of Subfornical Organ and Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus.
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hypoxia-Induced Gut-Brain Axis Remodeling and Insomnia: Mechanisms and Microbiota Adaptive Regulation from a Translational Perspective.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Clinical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Long COVID During the Omicron Phase in Japan.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Severe hyponatremia in a mild COVID-19 patient: diagnostic challenges of SIADH and adrenal insufficiency.CEN case reports · 2025Article
- Potential Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19-Mediated Central and Peripheral Demyelination: Roles of the RAAS and ADAM-17.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- A case of central diabetes insipidus after COVID-19 as a probable diagnosis of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis with positive anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies with review of literature.Endocrine journal · 2024Review
- Article
- Complications of COVID-19 on the Central Nervous System: Mechanisms and Potential Treatment for Easing Long COVID.Aging and disease · 2023Review
- Review of Neurological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2.Cureus · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 and Hypertension: Evidence Supporting Invasion into the Brain Via Baroreflex Circuitry and the Role of Imbalanced Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System.Neuroscience insights · 2023Article
- Brain Renin-Angiotensin System: From Physiology to Pathology in Neuronal Complications Induced by SARS-CoV-2.Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) · 2023Review
- The Mutual Relationship among Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19: Focus on Micronutrients Imbalance.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Neurological sequela and disruption of neuron-glia homeostasis in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Neurobiology of disease · 2022Review
- Epidemiology, prognosis and management of potassium disorders in Covid-19.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple neurological problems have been reported in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) likely spreads to the central nervous system (CNS) via olfactory nerves or through the subarachnoid space along olfactory nerves into the brain's cerebrospinal fluid and then into the brain's interstitial space. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 enters the subfornical organ (SFO) through the above routes and the circulating blood since circumventricular organs (CVOs) such as the SFO lack the blood-brain barrier, and infection of the SFO causes dysfunction of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), leading to hydroelectrolytic disorder. SARS-CoV-2 can readily enter SFO-PVN-SON neurons because these neurons express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors and proteolytic viral activators, which likely leads to neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation in these regions. Considering the pivotal role of SFO-PVN-SON circuitry in modulating hydroelectrolyte balance, SARS-CoV-2 infection in these regions could disrupt the neuroendocrine control of hydromineral homeostasis. This review proposes mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infection of the SFO-PVN-SON pathway leads to hydroelectrolytic disorder in COVID-19 patients.
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