ReviewProtein science : a publication of the Protein Society2021
Structural and functional understanding of the toll-like receptors.
Review in Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between TLR 2 (rs3804099), TLR4 (rs4986790), and TLR 9 (rs187084) polymorphism and leukemia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunologic research · 2025Pooled it
- Insights into human TLR9 structural dynamics and recognition of pathogen-associated CpG DNA using molecular dynamics simulation.iScience · 2026Article
- Is Oestradiol a Key Player in the Sex Differences in Innate Immunity Through Toll-like Receptor Activation?Cells · 2026Article
- Role of autophagy in antiviral innate immunity.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- RNA-triggered innate immunity: friend and foe.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Purification of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide, and How to Study Its Interactions with Proteins.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Molecular characterization of endosomal self RNA Rmrp-engaged TLR3 dimerization to prime innate activation.Cell research · 2025Article
- Late-Stage Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 Alleviates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Lung Cancer: The Role of Immunotherapy and HPV-Targeted Cancer Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Computational identification of membrane proteins for vaccine design against drug-resistant Moraxella catarrhalis.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2025Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial Peptides Against Arboviruses: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Review
- Improvement of the Anticancer Efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade: Advances in Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.MedComm · 2025Review
- Article
- Shortened PGLYRP1 Peptides Regulate Antitumor Activity of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes via TREM-1 Receptor: From Biology to Bioinformatics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- By activating endothelium histone H4 mediates oleic acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- The Inhibitory Effects of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin on Endosomal TLR Signaling Pathways.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Extracellular microRNAs modulate human microglial function through TLR8.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in pulmonary immunity: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recognition of invading pathogens by the innate immune system is essential to initiate antimicrobial responses and trigger adaptive immunity. This is largely mediated by an array of pattern-recognition receptor families that are essential for recognizing conserved molecular motifs characteristic of pathogenic microbes. One such family is the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs induces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons: the former triggers the synthesis of inflammatory mediators which cause fever, pain and other inflammation, and the latter mediates antiviral responses. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in structural elucidation of TLRs in higher eukaryotes. The TLR structures with and without agonist and antagonist have been revealed by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy studies, demonstrating the activated dimer formation induced by the agonistic ligand and the inhibition mechanism of the antagonistic ligand. Intracellular assembled structures and the TLR-chaperone complex are also reported. As the structural understanding of TLRs becomes better integrated with biochemical and immunological studies, a more comprehensive picture of their architectural and functional properties will emerge. This review summarizes recent advances in structural biological and mechanistic studies on TLRs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.