ReviewInternational orthopaedics2021
The history of intramedullary nailing.
Review in International orthopaedics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of intramedullary nails in Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis for Charcot neuroarthropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- War, what is it good for? orthopedics the evolution of orthopedic surgery through armed conflict.Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Disease (2013) · 2026Review
- Clinical outcomes of intramedullary nailing and dual-plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures: an indication-based retrospective cohort study.BMC surgery · 2026Article
- Load Transfer in Tibial Intramedullary Nailing: Effects of Fracture Level, Screw Configuration and Nail-Canal Clearance.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2026Article
- Finite element biomechanics of novel intramedullary nails with varying diameters for intertrochanteric femoral fractures with lateral wall injury.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Optimisation strategies for intramedullary nailing parameters in subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: a multimodal assessment based on finite element and biomechanical experiments.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Article
- Original Locking Rod System Designed for Diaphyseal Fractures of Long Bones.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
- External fixation to intramedullary nailing for femoral and tibial fractures: an eleven-year cohort study at a level I trauma center.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2025Article
- The Recent Developments of Thermomechanical Processing for Biomedical Mg Alloys and Their Clinical Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Brief Overview of the Evolution of Splints and Casts in Medical History, Specifically Persian Medicine.The archives of bone and joint surgery · 2025Review
- Use of controlled nail dynamization technique for femoral shaft hypertrophic nonunion.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
- Poor radiological outcomes and associated factors among tibial shaft fracture patients treated with intramedullary nail fixation at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma Hospital, Ethiopia.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
- Fast and accurate distal locking of interlocked intramedullary nails using computer-vision and a 3D printed device.3D printing in medicine · 2024Article
- Nail-extraction device mismatch: an issue in developing countries intramedullary nail removal practice.International orthopaedics · 2024Article
- Fixators dynamization for delayed union and non-union of femur and tibial fractures: a review of techniques, timing and influence factors.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Review
- The comparison of the Effect of double reverse traction repositor (DRTR) and traction table assisted Anterograde Intramedullary nail in treatment of femoral shaft fractures.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- The patients' perspective - a qualitative analysis of experiencing a fracture-related infection.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The role of macrophages in fracture healing: a narrative review of the recent updates and therapeutic perspectives.Stem cell investigation · 2023Review
- Surgical Classification for Preclinical Rat Femoral Bone Defect Model: Standardization Based on Systematic Review, Anatomical Analysis and Virtual Surgery.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo summarize the evolution of intramedullary nailing, highlight important milestones, introduce the atmosphere of the era concerning the first uses and development of intramedullary nailing, and present the status of nailing in modern international orthopaedics and traumatology.
methodA thorough literature search was undertaken in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in physical books in libraries to summarize the literature on the history and evolution of intramedullary nailing.
resultsThe first use of an intramedullary device was attested in ancient Egypt; however, the first use of intramedullary nailing was reported in 1524 in Mexico, and the first medical journals reported on intramedullary nailing around the mid-1800s. The evolutions of intramedullary nailing including approach, material, cross-section and shape, and reaming technique occurred in the twentieth century. During the 1960s, intramedullary nailing was abandoned in favour of plate and screws osteosynthesis; however, in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, a surge of novelties including flexible reaming, interlocking, and use of image intensification and titanium nails led to the advent of the second-generation intramedullary nailing. Today, intramedullary nailing has become the standard treatment of long bone fractures with low infection rates, small scars, excellent stabilization of the fractures, and immediate mobilization of the patients.
conclusionIntramedullary nailing has revolutionized the treatment of long bone fractures. However, with numerous nail designs, a lot of information on their efficacy is lacking. Considerably more work will need to be done to determine the optimal nail specifications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.