Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33575423›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2021

Reactivation of Chagas Disease in a Patient With an Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Mary M Czech, Ashwin K Nayak, Kavitha Subramanian, Jose F Suarez, Jessica Ferguson, Karen Blake Jacobson, Susan P Montgomery, Michael Chang, Gordon H Bae, Shyam S Raghavan and 9 more

Open access · goldAbstract readCase Reports
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
1.2field-weighted citation impact, top 22% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Fulminant and fatalASM case reports · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Open forum infectious diseases · 2024
    Article
  5. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023
    Review
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Mary M CzechDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Ashwin K NayakDepartment of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Kavitha SubramanianDepartment of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Jose F SuarezDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Jessica FergusonDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Karen Blake JacobsonDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Susan P MontgomeryDivision of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Michael ChangHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gordon H BaeDepartment of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA.
Shyam S RaghavanDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Hannah WangDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3712-9188
Eugenia MirantiDepartment of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Indre BudvytieneClinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA.
Stanford Mervyn ShoorDivision of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Niaz BanaeiClinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA.
Kerri RiegerDepartment of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA.
Stan DeresinskiDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Marisa HolubarDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7585-1809
Brian G BlackburnDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Stanford University · USStanford Health Care · USCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · USHarvard University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Reactivation of Chagas disease has been described in immunosuppressed patients, but there is a paucity of literature describing reactivation in patients on immunosuppressive therapies for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. We describe a case of Chagas disease reactivation in a woman taking azathioprine and prednisone for limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc). Reactivation manifested as indurated and erythematous cutaneous nodules. Sequencing of a skin biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of Chagas disease. She was treated with benznidazole with clinical improvement in the cutaneous lesions. However, her clinical course was complicated and included disseminated CMV disease and subsequent septic shock due to bacteremia. Our case and review of the literature highlight that screening for Chagas disease should be strongly considered for patients who will undergo immunosuppression for treatment of autoimmune disease if epidemiologically indicated.

Indexed as

autoimmune rheumatic diseaseChagas disease

Identifiers

PMID33575423
PMCPMC7863873
OpenAlexW3126894820

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.