ArticlePeerJ2021
ATR-FTIR, EDS and SEM evaluations of enamel structure after treatment with hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite particles.
Article in PeerJ, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of tooth sensitivity and whitening effects of tooth whitening agents containing calcium, hydroxyapatite and fluoride.Odontology · 2026Article
- Effects of bleaching agents containing nano-hydroxyapatite on sound and demineralized enamel: an in vitro study.Odontology · 2026Article
- PGA-TMC/PTMC/nHA composite membrane with synergistic barrier and osteogenic functions for enhanced bone defect regeneration.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Influence of S-PRG-based restorative and adhesive systems on biofilm formation and enamel demineralization in a simulated oral environment.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- In-office bleaching effect with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on enamel color and demineralization.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- Assessment of chitosan addition to at-home bleaching gel with and without calcium on the physical properties of tooth enamel.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2026Article
- The Effect of Home Bleaching Gel with Chitosan on Tooth Color and Mineral Alteration.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- In Vitro Comparison of Three Chairside Bleaching Protocols: Effects on Enamel Microhardness, Colour, and Qualitative Cytotoxicity Risk.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Innovations in teeth bleaching: harnessing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for enhanced outcomes.Lasers in medical science · 2025Review
- In Vitro Evaluation of Chemical and Microhardness Alterations in Human Enamel Induced by Three Commercial In-Office Bleaching Agents.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Characterization and effects on enamel of low-concentration bleaching gels containing hyaluronic acid, NF_TiOClinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- Physiological Root Resorption of Deciduous Teeth: An ATR-FTIR Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effect of an experimental desensitizer with a hydroxyapatite-capsaicin composite applied before in-office dental bleaching on hydrogen peroxide diffusion, color and surface changes.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Biological action of bleaching agents on tooth structure: A review.Histology and histopathology · 2024Review
- Tooth whitening: current status and prospects.Odontology · 2024Review
- Physicochemical understanding of biomineralization by molecular vibrational spectroscopy: From mechanism to nature.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2023Review
- α-Mangostin and lawsone methyl ether in tooth gel synergistically increase its antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation effects in vitro.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Nanohydroxyapatite in dentistry: A comprehensive review.The Saudi dental journal · 2023Article
- The Effect of In-Office Bleaching with Different Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide on Enamel Color, Roughness, and Color Stability.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Clinical Evidence of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite in Oral Care Products for Reducing Dentin Hypersensitivity: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTooth whitening is one of the most requested dental treatments, but it still presents some side effects. Indeed, the bleaching agent can generate patients' discomfort and dental hard tissue damages, not achieving an efficient and long-lasting treatment with optimum whitening effect. To overcome these limitations, the bleaching agents containing nano-hydroxyapatite can represent a reliable solution to avoid these detrimental effects.
methodsIn this study, human third molars were treated with commercial bleaching agents, containing nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and 6% (at-home treatment), 12% and 18% (in-office treatments) of hydrogen peroxide (HP), named respectively G1, G2 and G3. The results were evaluated descriptively and analytically using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), comparing the treated groups with a commercial gel containing 10% carbamide peroxide (CONV) and with a non-treated control group (CTRL).
resultsATR-FTIR analysis revealed a similar composition in carbonates and phosphates for CTRL, G1 and G2 groups, which showed no significant differences in their spectral profiles; an increased amount of organic matter was found in G3, while CONV displayed an intermediate behavior. SEM analysis did not highlight significant changes in the enamel microstructure of G1 and CONV when compared to CTRL; the pattern observed in G2 presented a slight increase of enamel irregularities, while G3 displayed a partial removal of the aprismatic layer and microporosities. No evident effects due to nHA were observed in the structure of the hydroxyapatite component of G1, G2 and CONV, if compared to CTRL, while G3 showed a slight loss of crystallinity. In all groups, EDS identified slight changes in the concentration of chemical elements O and Ca, while the Ca/P ratio was similar when compared to CTRL.
conclusionThe obtained results suggest that the application of the tested commercial bleaching agents, with a concentration of HP up to 12%, does not alter the morphological and chemical composition of the enamel surface and maintains its crystallinity.
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