ArticleBMC pediatrics2021
Association of screen time with parent-reported cognitive delay in preschool children of Kerala, India.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Screen Use, Child Development and Family Involvement in Children Aged 2-7 Years: A Systematic Review.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Modifiable Parenting Factors on the Screen Use of Children Five Years or Younger: A Systematic Review.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2025Pooled it
- Early Childhood Screen Use Contexts and Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Electronic media exposure and neurodevelopment in children under 5 years of age: an updated evidence-based narrative review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Associations Between Early Screen Exposure and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Children Aged 2-5 Years: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Prevalence, patterns and parental perceptions of excessive screen time among children aged 2-4 years: A cross-sectional study from a rural setting of Haryana, India.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Article
- Screen time and sweet consumption in preschool children: a cross-sectional study.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2026Article
- Translating screen-media guidance into caregiver practices: moving from digital silos to shared spaces for young children.Frontiers in sociology · 2026Article
- Parents' screen time, parental perception, technology-related parenting in relation to young children's screen time: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Leisure Screen Time and the Risk of Six Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Adherence of Children to the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Guidelines on Permissible Daily Screen Exposure-A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study from Southern India.Indian pediatrics · 2025Article
- Review
- Supervised and Unsupervised Screen Time and Its Association With Physical, Mental, and Social Health of School-Going Children in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Analysis of the impact of parents' electronic screen time habits, young children's screen exposure and parent-child interaction on language development delay in young children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Asia-Pacific consensus statement on integrated 24-hour activity guidelines for the early years.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Review
- Association between screen time and suspected developmental coordination disorder in preschoolers: A national population-based study in China.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Screen time and its correlates among children aged 3-10 years during COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundScreen use is increasing rapidly among preschool children and excess screen use in these children has been associated with cognitive side effects and speech delay. We undertook this study to estimate the risk associated with screen time in children, parental supervision, and parent-reported cognitive development among preschool children aged 2-5 years.
methodsA cross-sectional study was done between July 2019 and January 2020 involving parents of all students aged 2-5 years, attending 2 kindergarten schools in Thiruvalla using a self-administered questionnaire. Parents also used the Werner David Development pictorial scale (WDDPS), a screening tool to report cognitive development. The schools were sampled based on convenience.
resultsOf the 189 children included in the study, 89.4% had excess screen use (> 1 h per day) and the average use was 2.14 h. 45.0% of parents supervised screen use inconsistently (self-reported). Meal-time screen use (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3-10.8), receiving screen on demand (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.2-11.3), and using devices other than computers (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.6-26.8) were significantly associated with excess screen use in pre-school children. Similarly, those children with inconsistently supervised screen time were significantly more likely to have suspected deficits in attention (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-8.2), intelligence (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.3-13.3), and social skills (OR 15.3, 95% CI 1.9-121.2), compared to children whose screen use was consistently supervised.
conclusionScreen time in the majority of preschool children is above the recommended limits, and inconsistent supervision by parents was seen in almost half of the study participants. Inconsistently supervised screen time is associated with suspected cognitive delays in children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.