ReviewCells2021
Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- RNA Expression Signatures in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review of Tumour Biology and Therapeutic Targets.Oncology research · 2025Pooled it
- Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of the Present Strategies and Prospects for Advancements.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Building on a Solid Foundation: Adding Relevance and Reproducibility to Neurological Modeling Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Evolving Landscape of Glioblastoma Research: Integrating Therapeutic Advances and Diagnostic Frontiers.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma-natural killer cell crosstalk: insights from dynamic spheroid models reveal the importance of secreted cytokines and the CD155 axis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Physiologically Relevant Organotypic Tissue Slice Model for Evaluating Cell Responses to Ionizing Radiation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems in Glioblastoma Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Overcoming Chemoresistance in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Functional Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- A human tumor-immune organoid model of glioblastoma.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Cuproptosis-Related genes as potential core targets for the Diagnosis, Therapy, and prognosis of glioblastoma.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Natural killer cell dysfunction in glioma: from immune evasion to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Emerging frontiers in glioma therapy: the evolving role of glioma vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Diagnostic value of cellular inflammatory markers in CNS tumor patients undergoing glucocorticoid therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Navigating the Central Nervous System (CNS): A Pharmacokinetic Approach to the Treatment of CNS Tumors, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), in Particular.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Glioblastoma at the crossroads: current understanding and future therapeutic horizons.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- A Human Tumor-Immune Organoid Model of Glioblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The Role of Gut Microbiome on Glioblastoma Oncogenesis and Malignant Evolution.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- In Vitro Anti-Glioblastoma Activity ofLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignant tumor in the adult population, and immunotherapy is playing an increasingly central role in the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the search for effective immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma patients continues. The goal of immunotherapy is to promote tumor eradication, boost the patient's innate and adaptive immune responses, and overcome tumor immune resistance. A range of new, promising immunotherapeutic strategies has been applied for glioblastoma, including vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cell transfer. However, the main challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are the intracranial location and heterogeneity of the tumor as well as the unique, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Owing to the lack of appropriate tumor models, there are discrepancies in the efficiency of various immunotherapeutic strategies between preclinical studies (with in vitro and animal models) on the one hand and clinical studies (on humans) on the other hand. In this review, we summarize the glioblastoma characteristics that drive tolerance to immunotherapy, the currently used immunotherapeutic approaches against glioblastoma, and the most suitable tumor models to mimic conditions in glioblastoma patients. These models are improving and can more precisely predict patients' responses to immunotherapeutic treatments, either alone or in combination with standard treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.