ReviewMicroorganisms2021
Persistence of Pathogens on Inanimate Surfaces: A Narrative Review.
Review in Microorganisms, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by "fomite-borne risk assessment".Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2022Pooled it
- Surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review.The Science of the total environment · 2021Pooled it
- Desiccation tolerance as a driver of environmental persistence and transmission in nosocomial bacterial pathogens.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide Nebulization Combined with Manual Cleaning in Reducing Surface-Associated Microorganisms in an Indoor Fitness Environment.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Etiological characterization of acute respiratory tract infections and associated co-infections using Biofire respiratory 2.1 Plus panel.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Profiles of Microbial Contamination and Hygiene Risk Across Functional Areas in Family Hotels.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Covalently Immobilized Lignin-Xanthene Conjugates for Persistent Surface Photochemistry and Self-Sterilizing Interfaces Under Ambient Visible Light.Macromolecular rapid communications · 2026Article
- Microbial Contamination of Gym Equipment: Diversity Patterns, Temporal Dynamics, Staphylococcus Hotspots, and Device-Level Risk Indices.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Observational
- Serum Macro- and Trace-Element Alterations and Redox Imbalance in Cattle with Naturally Occurring Dermatophytosis.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- School district-wide renovations, indoor environmental quality, and illness absence.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Multispectral Antimicrobial Blue Light (aBL) Systems for Continuous Decontamination of Food-Contact Surfaces and Environmental Matrices.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Patterns of occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in public playgrounds.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Assessing non-porous antimicrobial surfaces against bacteria, phages and fungi: a comparative study under varied normative conditions using glass as a benchmark for microbial persistence.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Silver Nitrate and Bioactive Glass Containing Chitosan Coatings: Comparison of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- Seasonal and meteorological determinants of district level acute watery diarrhea incidence in Fiji, 2016-2023: a time-series analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Investigation of the Mechanisms of Transition of Gram-Negative Bacterial Cells into Induced Anabiosis Using Computational Methods of Classical Molecular Dynamics.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Evolution and rise of antimicrobial resistance in key public health bacteria within and across the One Health sectors.Future microbiology · 2026Review
- Insights into the mechanisms of infection transmission via inanimate surfaces.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Integrated monitoring of enveloped viruses in hospital environments: Detection, persistence, and implications for infection control.PloS one · 2026Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about transmission routes is essential. In addition to respiratory, fecal-oral, and sexual transmission, the transfer of pathogens via surfaces plays a vital role for human pathogenic infections-especially nosocomial pathogens. Therefore, information about the survival of pathogens on surfaces can have direct implications on clinical measures, including hygiene guidelines and disinfection strategies. In this review, we reviewed the existing literature regarding viral, bacterial, and fungal persistence on inanimate surfaces. In particular, the current knowledge of the survival time and conditions of clinically relevant pathogens is summarized. While many pathogens persist only for hours, common nosocomial pathogens can survive for days to weeks under laboratory conditions and thereby potentially form a continuous source of transmission if no adequate inactivation procedures are performed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.