ArticlePloS one2021
Birth outcomes, pregnancy complications, and postpartum mental health after the 2013 Calgary flood: A difference in difference analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Climate change health impacts on children in Canada: a systematic review.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Natural Disasters on Adult Mental Health: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Research in nursing & health · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of flooding on low birthweight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Reproductive health challenges during a flood: A qualitative study.Nursing open · 2024Article
- Consequences of Natural and Man-made Disasters on Pregnancy Outcomes and Complications: A Systematic Review.Archives of academic emergency medicine · 2024Review
- Examining recurrent hurricane exposure and psychiatric morbidity in Medicaid-insured pregnant populations.PLOS mental health · 2024Article
- Excess risk in infant mortality among populations living in flood-prone areas in Bangladesh: A cluster-matched cohort study over three decades, 1988 to 2017.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- A Difference-In Difference Analysis of the South Carolina 2015 Extreme Floods and the Association with Maternal Health.International journal of disaster risk reduction : IJDRR · 2023Article
- Climate change and health in rural mountain environments: summary of a workshop on knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action.GeoJournal · 2023Article
- Global climate change and human health: Pathways and possible solutions.Eco-Environment & Health · 2022Review
- The Changing Climate and Pregnancy Health.Current environmental health reports · 2022Review
- Threatened abortion, threatened premature labor, and preterm birth during the first state of emergency for COVID-19 in 2020 in Japan.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2022Article
- Understanding the concurrent risk of mental health and dangerous wildfire events in the COVID-19 pandemic.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- Effect of initial COVID-19 outbreak during first trimester on pregnancy outcome in Wuxi, China.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn June 2013, the city of Calgary, Alberta and surrounding areas sustained significant flooding which resulted in large scale evacuations and closure of businesses and schools. Floods can increase stress which may negatively impact perinatal outcomes and mental health, but previous research is inconsistent. The objectives of this study are to examine the impact of the flood on pregnancy health, birth outcomes and postpartum mental health.
methodsLinked administrative data from the province of Alberta were used. Outcomes included preterm birth, small for gestational age, a new diagnoses of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension, and a diagnosis of, or drug prescription for, depression or anxiety. Data were analyzed using a quasi-experimental difference in difference design, comparing flooded and non-flooded areas and in affected and unaffected time periods. Multivariable log binomial regression models were used to estimate risk ratios, adjusted for maternal age. Marginal probabilities for the difference in difference term were used to show the potential effect of the flood.
resultsParticipants included 18,266 nulliparous women for the pregnancy outcomes, and 26,956 women with infants for the mental health analysis. There were no effects for preterm birth (DID 0.00, CI: -0.02, 0.02), small for gestational age (DID 0.00, CI: -0.02, 0.02), or new cases of preeclampsia (DID 0.00, CI: -0.01, 0.01). There was a small increase in new cases of gestational hypertension (DID 0.02, CI: 0.01, 0.03) in flood affected areas. There were no differences in postpartum anxiety or depression prescriptions or diagnoses.
conclusionThe Calgary 2013 flood was associated with a minor increase in gestational hypertension and not other health outcomes. Universal prenatal care and magnitude of the disaster may have minimized impacts of the flood on pregnant women.
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