ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and reinfection after recovery - a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Pathogens and global health · 2022Pooled it
- Humoral and Memory B Cell Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA Vaccination.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Efficient boosting of Omicron-reactive memory B cells after breakthrough infection protects from repeated exposure.iScience · 2025Article
- Time course and determinants of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in Costa Rica: the RESPIRA study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Cellular immune breadth of an Omicron-specific, self-amplifying monovalent mRNA vaccine booster for COVID-19.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Translating insights into therapies for Long Covid.Science translational medicine · 2024Review
- Differences in phenotype between long-lived memory B cells against Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens and variant surface antigens.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Atypical and non-classical CD45RBNature communications · 2024Article
- Differences in phenotype between long-lived memory B cells againstbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Safety and Immunogenicity After Primary and Booster Inactivated SARS-Cov-2 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Diseases.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2024Article
- Poor immune response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with hypertension.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Dynamic Humoral Immune Response to Primary and Booster Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Cirrhosis.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2023Article
- Infection pre-Ad26.COV2.S-vaccination primes greater class switching and reduced CXCR5 expression by SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Antibody Response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Vaccines in Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2023Review
- Multi-omics blood atlas reveals unique features of immune and platelet responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infection.Immunity · 2023Article
- Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2.Nature immunology · 2023Article
- A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials.Journal of immunological methods · 2023Article
- Multivariate indicators of disease severity in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Cellular and Humoral Responses to Recombinant and Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in CKD Patients: An Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
16 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown loss of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific (SARS-CoV-2-specific) antibodies over time after infection, raising concern that humoral immunity against the virus is not durable. If immunity wanes quickly, millions of people may be at risk for reinfection after recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, memory B cells (MBCs) could provide durable humoral immunity even if serum neutralizing antibody titers decline. We performed multidimensional flow cytometric analysis of S protein receptor binding domain-specific (S-RBD-specific) MBCs in cohorts of ambulatory patients with COVID-19 with mild disease (n = 7), and hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease (n = 7), at a median of 54 days (range, 39-104 days) after symptom onset. We detected S-RBD-specific class-switched MBCs in 13 of 14 participants, failing only in the individual with the lowest plasma levels of anti-S-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies. Resting MBCs (rMBCs) made up the largest proportion of S-RBD-specific MBCs in both cohorts. FCRL5, a marker of functional memory on rMBCs, was more dramatically upregulated on S-RBD-specific rMBCs after mild infection than after severe infection. These data indicate that most SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals develop S-RBD-specific, class-switched rMBCs that resemble germinal center-derived B cells induced by effective vaccination against other pathogens, providing evidence for durable B cell-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mild or severe disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.