ArticlePreventing chronic disease2021
Retail Marketing of Menthol Cigarettes in Los Angeles, California: a Challenge to Health Equity.
Article in Preventing chronic disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Does removing menthol cigarettes in convenience stores reduce susceptibility to cigarette smoking? An experimental investigation in young people.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- Demographic predictors of menthol cigarette and flavored e-cigarette restriction policy support among a cross-sectional sample of U.S. adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Review
- The Relationship Between Social Determinants of Health and Cigarette Smoking Behaviors Among Adults in the United States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2023.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Recommendations for Centering Equity to Advance Federal and Local US Policies Regulating the Availability and Sale of Flavored Tobacco Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Perceptions of the Harm of Cigarettes, Mental Health, and Quality of Life Among Transgender Adults Who Smoke Menthol Cigarettes: Results from Wave 5 of the Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Community Voices: A Qualitative Study Exploring Perceptions of Menthol Cigarette Sales Restrictions in Los Angeles County Among Black Adults Who Smoke Menthol Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- What Will It Take to Achieve Equity in Policies Restricting Menthol and Other Flavored Nicotine and Commercial Tobacco Products?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Use of Menthol Cigarettes and Accessories Among Youth Who Smoked After the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England and Canada, 2021: Implications for Health Equity.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Commercial Tobacco Retailers Need to Be Included in Research on Policies Restricting the Sale of Menthol Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Preventing Chronic Disease Collection: From Data to Action: National, State, and Local Efforts to End Menthol and Other Flavored Commercial Tobacco Product Use.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Creating and Implementing a Community-Focused, Culturally Tailored Health Marketing Campaign to Address Menthol Cigarette Use in Los Angeles County.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Perceiving E-Cigarettes as Safe and Safer Alternative to Cigarettes Among Young Adults.Substance use & addiction journal · 2024Article
- Sociodemographic and Temporal Differences in Menthol Cigarette Use Among US Adults Who Smoke, 1999-2018.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Tobacco company agreements with tobacco retailers for price discounts and prime placement of products and advertising: a scoping review.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Promoting Health Equity Through the Power of Place, Perspective, and Partnership.Preventing chronic disease · 2023Article
- Menthol Cigarette Use Among Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes, 2008-2020: Rapid Growth and Widening Inequities in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Documenting the Impact Potential of a Menthol Cigarette Ban at Point-of-Sale: A Photograph-Based Analysis of the Presence and Placement of Menthol Versus Regular Cigarette Packs on the Shelves of Tobacco Retail Outlets in New York City.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Menthol Cigarette Smoking Trends among United States Adults, 2003-2019.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Article
- The Earliest Food Deserts: Availability of Infant and Follow-on Formula, and Lactation Support Products among Stores in Black and Non-Hispanic White Zip Codes in Los Angeles County.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSales of menthol cigarettes continue to increase, accounting for a third of the US cigarette market. Retail marketing of menthol cigarettes is a contributing factor to tobacco-related health disparities. To inform regulation to address associated disparities, we examined retail marketing strategies for menthol cigarettes and their features and characteristics in relation to neighborhood racial/ethnic composition.
methodsWe used multilevel regression models to examine associations of neighborhood racial/ethnic composition and store type with menthol cigarette sales outcomes, including availability, exterior advertising, price promotions, and price in a sample of tobacco retailers (N = 673) in Los Angeles County neighborhoods with a median or below-median household income. We also recorded the prices of Newport cigarettes (the highest selling menthol cigarette brand in the United States) and blu disposable menthol e-cigarettes.
resultsOverall, 94.5% of retailers sold menthol cigarettes, 31.2% displayed menthol cigarette price promotions, and 30.2% displayed at least one menthol cigarette advertisement on their exterior. Adjusting for racial/ethnic zip code cluster and store type, stores located in predominantly African American neighborhoods showed significantly higher odds in the availability of Newport cigarettes than stores in Hispanic neighborhoods (OR = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.09-0.53; P = .001) or non-Hispanic White (OR = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05-0.31; P < .001) neighborhoods. Stores located in predominantly African American neighborhoods displayed significantly higher odds of having price promotions for menthol cigarettes and storefront advertisements than those in Hispanic neighborhoods (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.88; P = .02 and OR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.13-0.48; P < .001, respectively).
conclusionIn 2016 and 2017, menthol cigarettes were widely available in Los Angeles County across racial/ethnic neighborhoods. We found a disproportionate number of storefront advertisements and price promotions for menthol cigarettes in stores located in predominantly African American neighborhoods along with the lowest advertised pack price. This evidence supports tobacco control policies that restrict menthol cigarette sales in the retail environment.
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