SynthesisAutism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research2021
Prediction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence.
Synthesis in Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05977075 (Training "Unstuck and On Target! Second Edition" Versus Training "ApisMela"), which is not on this map. Cited by 97 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Training "Unstuck and On Target! Second Edition" Versus Training "ApisMela"
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive Processing Among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder During Online Language Comprehension: A Preliminary Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mismatch Negativity in Autism: Insights Into Predictive Mechanisms.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- Action execution and observation in autistic adults: A systematic review of fMRI studies.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- An examination of active inference in autistic adults using immersive virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Reduced Motor Preparation and Altered EEG Signatures of Prediction in Autistic Adults.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Prediction and Prediction Error in Autism: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Results.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Diametrically opposed sex-specific effects of autistic traits on risk-taking in poker.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Intact Visual Correlation Detection in Autistic Adults.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Atypical Predictive Processing Is Associated With Sensory Over-Responsivity in Autism.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- A Multimodal Investigation of Flexibility and Socialization in Autistic Children With and Without ADHD.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Participatory Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Introspective Predictive Processing Inventory: A Self-Report Measure for Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Article
- Reduced flexibility in predictive tuning and contextual adaptation in autism: an EEG and behavioral study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Inquiry and innovation: Considering curiosity and creativity in autism.Acta psychologica · 2026Review
- Prediction by Young Autistic Children from Visual and Spoken Input.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Data from three experiments on auditory attention and distraction in autistic and nonautistic adults.Data in brief · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of the Global Integration Method (Método de Integração Global - MIG) for improving motor and functional outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomised controlled trial protocol.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Temporal Scaffolding of Sensory Organization.Annual review of psychology · 2026Review
- Experience-Dependent Plasticity to Visual Sequences in Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex Reflects Familiarity.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Predictive Processing During Cue-Outcome Associative Learning in Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Temporal Predictions in Music and Language: The Case of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Review
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
According to a recent influential proposal, several phenotypic features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be accounted for by differences in predictive skills between individuals with ASD and neurotypical individuals. In this systematic review, we describe results from 47 studies that have empirically tested this hypothesis. We assess the results based on two observable aspects of prediction: learning a pairing between an antecedent and a consequence and responding to an antecedent in a predictive manner. Taken together, these studies suggest distinct differences in both predictive learning and predictive response. Studies documenting differences in learning predictive pairings indicate challenges in detecting such relationships especially when predictive features of an antecedent have low salience or consistency, and studies showing differences in habituation and perceptual adaptation suggest low-level predictive processing differences in ASD. These challenges may account for the observed differences in the influence of predictive priors, in spontaneous predictive movement or gaze, and in social prediction. An important goal for future research will be to better define and constrain the broad domain-general hypothesis by testing multiple types of prediction within the same individuals. Additional promising avenues include studying prediction within naturalistic contexts and assessing the effect of prediction-based intervention on supporting functional outcomes for individuals with ASD. LAY SUMMARY: Researchers have suggested that many features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be explained by differences in the prediction skills of people with ASD. We review results from 47 studies. These studies suggest that ASD may be associated with differences in the learning of predictive pairings (e.g., learning cause and effect) and in low-level predictive processing in the brain (e.g., processing repeated sounds). These findings lay the groundwork for research that can improve our understanding of ASD and inform interventions. Autism Res 2021, 14: 604-630. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.