ReviewCurrent rheumatology reports2021
A Review of Complement Activation in SLE.
Review in Current rheumatology reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the connection and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and thyroid cancer: integrative meta-analysis, Mendelian randomization, and transcriptomic insights.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Risk factors for acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 randomized controlled trials.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Relationship between bilirubin and systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Pooled it
- Oral Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Development of a Machine Learning Algorithm for Differential Diagnosis Between Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia and Connective Tissue Disease-Related Thrombocytopenia in Pediatric Patients.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- Peripheral Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Combined With Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio Assists in Identifying Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity and Lupus Nephritis.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Immunopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: current insights into inflammatory and thrombotic pathways.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Detection of white matter microstructural changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus based on multiple diffusion models and related diffusion metrics.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Double Trouble: An Uncommon Case of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patient.Cureus · 2026Article
- Glymphatic dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Complement expression profiles in human glomerular mesangial cells, endothelial cells, podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Childhood Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: Case Series.Nephron · 2026Article
- Development and internal validation of a clinical nomogram for identifying lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Reduced C3 Levels Link Dyslipidemia and Renal Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Immune microenvironment dynamics in pregnant patients with concomitant autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, challenges, and clinical significance.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Autoantibody repertoire in lupus nephritis: from pathogenic mechanisms to clinical integration for precision decision-making.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose of reviewComplement activation is a key event in the pathogenesis of tissue inflammation and injury in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review is aimed at comparing the usefulness of measurement of complement proteins in serum/plasma (C3, C4) to complement activation (split) products in plasma and on circulating blood cells for SLE diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prognosis. RECENT
findingsComplement split products, C3dg, iC3b, and C4d, are elevated in SLE, and C3dg/C3 and iC3b/C3 ratios correlate with active SLE. C4d also is higher in patients with lupus nephritis. An elevated level of the alternative pathway split product, Bb, in early lupus pregnancy is a predictor of adverse outcomes in SLE patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Elevated levels of cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs), namely, B cell-bound C4d (BC4d) and erythrocyte-bound C4d (EC4d), within a multiparameter assay panel, may predict transition to SLE more than other lupus biomarkers. EC4d better correlates with lupus disease activity than low plasma complement levels. Elevated platelet-bound C4d (PC4d) correlates with thrombosis in SLE. Both EC4d and PC4d are increased in primary and secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome, and anti-beta2glycoproteinI antibodies may directly activate the complement system. Abnormal levels of plasma complement split products and CB-CAPs support complement activation as an important pathogenetic mechanism in SLE and the antiphospholipid syndromes. These tests show promise for the diagnosis of SLE and monitoring of disease activity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.