ReviewAnnals of translational medicine2021
Intranasal drugs for analgesia and sedation in children admitted to pediatric emergency department: a narrative review.
Review in Annals of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05163704 (Safe Sedation of Children During Radiological Examinations), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safe Sedation of Children During Radiological Examinations
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The Sedative Effects of Inhaled Nebulized Dexmedetomidine on Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Appropriateness and safety of using the intranasal route for sedation during pediatric computed tomography: A randomized controlled trial at Korle-Bu teaching hospital.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intranasal or intravenous administration of nalbuphine in infants.Archives of disease in childhood · 2023Trial
- Dexmedetomidine premedication increases preoperative sedation and inhibits stress induced by tracheal intubation in adult: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical study.BMC anesthesiology · 2022Trial
- Assessment of Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Children with Severe Acute Bronchiolitis: Correlation Between COMFORT-B Scale and Bispectral Index During Continuous Infusion of Fentanyl and Midazolam.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Introduction of a LAT gel and low-dose midazolam sedo-analgesia protocol for pediatric skin suture in the emergency department: simpler is better.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Different Forms of Topical Anesthesia Agents in Dental Practice.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Intranasal Analgesia in Preterm and Term Neonates.Paediatric drugs · 2025Review
- Review
- Evaluation of the Efficacy of Buccal Midazolam in Comparison With Intranasal Midazolam Sedation in Uncooperative Children During Dental Treatment.International journal of dentistry · 2025Article
- The protective effect and mechanism of dexmedetomidine in inhibiting ferroptosis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Analgosedation in Pediatric Emergency Care: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Use of intranasal and sublingual analgesia in children and adolescents in the paediatric emergency department.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
- Intranasal Therapy in Palliative Care.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Approach to burn treatment in the rural emergency department.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2024Review
- Article
- Ketamine, an Old-New Drug: Uses and Abuses.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Intranasal Atomization of Ketamine, Medetomidine and Butorphanol in Pet Rabbits Using a Mucosal Atomization Device.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Intranasal dexmedetomidine with morphine or tramadol: A comparative study of effects on alfaxalone requirements for anesthesia in cats.Veterinary world · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute pain is one of the most common symptoms in children admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) and its management represents a real clinical challenge for pediatricians. Different painful procedures can be very stressful for young children and their perception of pain can be enhanced by emotional factors, such as anxiety, distress, or anger. Adequate procedural sedation reduces anxiety and emotional trauma for the patient, but it reduces also stress for operators and the time for procedures. We have reviewed the literature on this topic and the drugs covered in these papers were: midazolam, fentanyl, ketamine, and dexmedetomidine. There are several routes of administering for these drugs to provide analgesia and anxiolysis to children: oral, parenteral, or intranasal (IN). Intravenous (IV) sedation, since it involves the use of needles, can be stressful; instead, IN route is a non-invasive procedure and generally well tolerated by children and it has become increasingly widespread. Some medications can be administered by a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) or by drops. The benefits of the atomized release include less drug loss in the oropharynx, higher cerebrospinal fluid levels, better patient acceptability, and better sedative effects. IN midazolam has a sedative, anxiolytic and amnesic effect, but without analgesic properties. Fentanyl and ketamine are mainly used for pain control. Dexmedetomidine has anxiolytic and analgesic properties. In conclusion, IN analgo-sedation is a simple, rapid and painless option to treat pain and anxiety in the PED requiring brief training on the administration process and experience in sedation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.