ReviewAnnals of translational medicine2021
A narrative review of the roles of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in liver diseases.
Review in Annals of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase may be a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapy target in cancer: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Hepatic control of immunometabolism: implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Clinically distinct metabotypes of pediatric MASLD identified through unsupervised clustering of NASH CRN data.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Serotonin, Kynurenine, and Indole Pathways of Tryptophan Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease.Nutrients · 2026Review
- IDO family: the metabolic crossroads connecting immunity, nerves and tumors.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Metabolic characteristics in hepatocellular carcinoma: amino acid metabolic reprogramming.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Altered Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway and Low-Grade Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): Insights from LC-MS/MS-Based Metabolite Profiling.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2026Article
- Pathophysiology of depression and anxiety in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2025Review
- Roles of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and mitophagy in liver diseases.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Review
- TDO-mediated tissue-specific regulation of kynurenine pathway in the brain and gill of Litopenaeus vannamei.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Role of Kynurenine and Its Derivatives in Liver Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Clinical Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Role of amino acid metabolism in tumor immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2025Review
- Mechanism of swertiamarin and novel nitrogen-containing metabolites (Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Network Pharmacology and Serum Nontargeted Metabolomics Reveal the Protective Effects of Propionate Against Liver Damage Induced by a High-Fat and AGE-Rich Diet in Diabetic Mice.Journal of diabetes research · 2025Article
- The immunology of sickness metabolism.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Review
- Harnessing and delivering microbial metabolites as therapeutics via advanced pharmaceutical approaches.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Vitamin DTurkish journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- New advances in immune mechanism and treatment during ocular toxoplasmosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Activity: A Perspective Biomarker for Laboratory Determination in Tumor Immunotherapy.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are induced by several immune factors, such as interferon-γ, and act as intracellular enzymes that catabolize essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other downstream metabolites, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA) and so on. IDO and TDO work as a double-edge sword. On one hand, they exert the immunomodulatory effects, especially immunosuppressive effects on the microenvironment including infections, pregnancy, tumor cells escape and transplantation. TDO plays the major role under basal conditions, while IDO comes into play under different circumstances of immune activation, thus IDO has a wider spectrum of immune regulation. On the other hand, these enzymes also inhibit pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii and so on. Moreover, IDO regulates metabolic health through shaping intestinal microbiota. Recently, these enzymes have attracted more and more attention in liver diseases. Several studies have indicated that IDO and TDO can modulate viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis, liver cancer even liver transplantation. Targeting them or their antagonists may provide novel therapeutic treatments for liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the exact roles that IDO and TDO play in diverse hepatic diseases.
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