ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2021
Characteristics and outcomes of hospital admissions for COVID-19 and influenza in the Toronto area.
Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph
Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Differences in clinical characteristics between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Diabetes and Mortality Among Adult Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Cohort Study of Hospitalized Adults in Ontario, Canada, and Copenhagen, Denmark.Canadian journal of diabetes · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Prone positioning of patients with moderate hypoxaemia due to covid-19: multicentre pragmatic randomised trial (COVID-PRONE).BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Trial
- Remdesivir for the treatment of patients in hospital with COVID-19 in Canada: a randomized controlled trial.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2022Trial
- Coefficient of variation-defined glycemic variability is associated with ICU mortality in critically ill influenza patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Short- and long-term outcomes following COVID-19 or Influenza hospitalization in adults: results of the AUTCOV study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Applying the lessons of design thinking: a unique programme of care for acutely unwell, community-dwelling COVID-19 patients.BMJ open quality · 2024Article
- A simple electronic medical record-based predictors of illness severity in sepsis (sepsis) score.PloS one · 2024Article
- Associations of telomere length with risk of mortality from influenza and pneumonia in US adults: a prospective cohort study of NHANES 1999-2002.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Article
- Characteristics of and Outcomes in COVID-19 Critical Care Patients in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2023Article
- Impact of changing case definitions for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization on pandemic metrics.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Virtual Care and Emergency Department Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Patients of Family Physicians in Ontario, Canada.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Effect of Ward-Based High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy on Critical Care Utilization During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Mortality in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Study from India.Thoracic research and practice · 2023Article
- Comparison of influenza and COVID-19 hospitalisations in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Article
- Utility of the 4C ISARIC mortality score in hospitalized COVID-19 patients at a large tertiary Saudi Arabian center.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Burden of Severe Illness Associated With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in Adults Aged 50-64 Years, 2010-2011 to 2016-2017.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Amol A VermaLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont. amol.verma@mail.utoronto.ca.
Tejasvi HoraLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Hae Young JungLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Michael FralickLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Sarah L MaleckiLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Lauren Lapointe-ShawLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Adina WeinermanLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Terence TangLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Janice L KwanLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Jessica J LiuLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Shail RawalLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Timothy C Y ChanLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Angela M CheungLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Laura C RosellaLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Marzyeh GhassemiLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Margaret HerridgeLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Muhammad MamdaniLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Fahad RazakLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Verma, Hora, Jung, Chan, Mamdani, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Department of Medicine (Verma, Fralick, Malecki, Lapointe-Shaw, Weinerman, Tang, Kwan, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge, Mamdani, Razak), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Verma, Cheung, Mamdani, Razak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Hora), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Kwan), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Lapointe-Shaw, Liu, Rawal, Cheung, Herridge) and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Lapointe-Shaw), University Health Network; Women's Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (Lapointe-Shaw), Women's College Hospital; ICES Central (Lapointe-Shaw, Rosella); Department of Medicine (Weinerman), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Institute for Better Health (Tang, Rosella), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Chan), University of Toronto; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (Cheung), University Health Network; Division of Epidemiology (Cheung, Rosella), Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Vector Institute (Rosella, Ghassemi); Department of Computer Science (Ghassemi) and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Mamdani), University of Toronto, Ont.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatient characteristics, clinical care, resource use and outcomes associated with admission to hospital for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Canada are not well described.
methodsWe described all adults with COVID-19 or influenza discharged from inpatient medical services and medical-surgical intensive care units (ICUs) between Nov. 1, 2019, and June 30, 2020, at 7 hospitals in Toronto and Mississauga, Ontario. We compared patient outcomes using multivariable regression models, controlling for patient sociodemographic factors and comorbidity level. We validated the accuracy of 7 externally developed risk scores to predict mortality among patients with COVID-19.
resultsThere were 1027 hospital admissions with COVID-19 (median age 65 yr, 59.1% male) and 783 with influenza (median age 68 yr, 50.8% male). Patients younger than 50 years accounted for 21.2% of all admissions for COVID-19 and 24.0% of ICU admissions. Compared with influenza, patients with COVID-19 had significantly greater in-hospital mortality (unadjusted 19.9% v. 6.1%, adjusted relative risk [RR] 3.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.56-4.68), ICU use (unadjusted 26.4% v. 18.0%, adjusted RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.25-1.80) and hospital length of stay (unadjusted median 8.7 d v. 4.8 d, adjusted rate ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.25-1.69). Thirty-day readmission was not significantly different (unadjusted 9.3% v. 9.6%, adjusted RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.70-1.39). Three points-based risk scores for predicting in-hospital mortality showed good discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] ranging from 0.72 to 0.81) and calibration.
interpretationDuring the first wave of the pandemic, admission to hospital for COVID-19 was associated with significantly greater mortality, ICU use and hospital length of stay than influenza. Simple risk scores can predict in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 with good accuracy.
Indexed as
AgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsCOVID-19Critical CareFemaleHospitalizationHumansInfluenza, HumanMaleMiddle AgedOntarioOutcome Assessment, Health CareRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSocioeconomic Factors
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