ArticleDiabetes care2021
Impact of Type 1 Diabetes in the Developing Brain in Children: A Longitudinal Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive skills in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a scoping review and meta-analysis.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of the hybrid closedloop insulin delivery system in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of glycemic control on cognitive function in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: Glycemic Targets.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2024Guideline
- Postprandial time in tight range with faster insulin aspart compared with standard insulin aspart in youth with type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Eighteen-Month Hybrid Closed-Loop Use in Very Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Single-Arm Multicenter Trial.Diabetes care · 2024Trial
- A Pilot randomized trial to examine effects of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system on neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Safety and Glycemic Outcomes With a Tubeless Automated Insulin Delivery System in Very Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Single-Arm Multicenter Clinical Trial.Diabetes care · 2022Trial
- The effect of do-it-yourself real-time continuous glucose monitoring on psychological and glycemic variables in children with type 1 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial.Pediatric diabetes · 2022Trial
- Association of Real-Time Glucose Levels and Cognitive Performance in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Ketogenic Diet in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Parental Motivations and Potential Risks for Metabolic Health and Development.Nutrients · 2026Review
- The Impact of Diabetes on Brain Health in Childhood.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Clinical Aspects and Molecular Mechanisms of Cognitive Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Executive functioning-related neural processes in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- Shared genetic and neuroimmune architecture links type 1 diabetes with neurocognitive traits.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Long-term efficacy and safety of Control-IQ technology in younger children with type 1 diabetes in Italy (2020-2023): a longitudinal multicentre real-world study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Association Between Body Composition and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Observational
- The virtual Morris water maze for cognitive function assessment in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Safety and pharmacokinetics of teplizumab in children less than 8 years of age with stage 2 type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess whether previously observed brain and cognitive differences between children with type 1 diabetes and control subjects without diabetes persist, worsen, or improve as children grow into puberty and whether differences are associated with hyperglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsOne hundred forty-four children with type 1 diabetes and 72 age-matched control subjects without diabetes (mean ± SD age at baseline 7.0 ± 1.7 years, 46% female) had unsedated MRI and cognitive testing up to four times over 6.4 ± 0.4 (range 5.3-7.8) years; HbA
resultsTotal brain, gray, and white matter volumes and full-scale and verbal intelligence quotients (IQs) were lower in the diabetes group at 6, 8, 10, and 12 years, with estimated group differences in full-scale IQ of -4.15, -3.81, -3.46, and -3.11, respectively (
conclusionsDetectable changes in brain volumes and cognitive scores persist over time in children with early-onset type 1 diabetes followed longitudinally; these differences are associated with metrics of hyperglycemia. Whether these changes can be reversed with scrupulous diabetes control requires further study. These longitudinal data support the hypothesis that the brain is a target of diabetes complications in young children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.