ArticleImmunity2021
COVID-19 immune signatures reveal stable antiviral T cell function despite declining humoral responses.
Article in Immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04950803 (A Randomised-controlled Trial of an Oral Microbiome Immunity Formula in Reducing Development of Long-term Co-morbidities in Recovered COVID-19 Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 134 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomised-controlled Trial of an Oral Microbiome Immunity Formula in Reducing Development of Long-term Co-morbidities in Recovered COVID-19 Patients
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 246 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does prior exposure to immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment affect incidence and mortality of COVID-19 among the cancer patients: The systematic review and meta-analysis.International immunopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Humoral response to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine and booster effect of a third dose in patients with mature T cell and NK-cell neoplasms.Annals of hematology · 2023Trial
- Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles: From Biogenesis, Isolation and Molecular Characterization to Addressing Translational Gaps and Regulatory Barriers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 mRNA booster in people living with HIV.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Adaptive immune responses against common viruses are sustained and functional in end-of-life patients.iScience · 2025Article
- Polyfunctional T peripheral helper cells are associated with the magnitude and durability of antibody responses after COVID-19.Clinical & translational immunology · 2025Article
- Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 triggers activation of immune evasion machinery similar to the one operated by cancer cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Enhanced and long-lasting SARS-CoV-2 immune memory in individuals with common cold coronavirus cross-reactive T cell immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in returning Chinese individuals.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Comparison of different T cell assays for the retrospective determination of SARS-CoV-2 infection.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- B and T Cell Bi-Cistronic Multiepitopic Vaccine Induces Broad Immunogenicity and Provides Protection Against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Comparison of long-term anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibody response following different vaccination schemes in Tunisia.La Tunisie medicale · 2024Article
- Article
- Structural insights into immune escape at killer T cell epitope by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Y453F variants.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2024Article
- T-cell responses in COVID-19 survivors 6-8 months after infection: A longitudinal cohort study in Pune.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Article
- Human coronavirus OC43-elicited CD4Nature communications · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory effect of bovine lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 interferon gamma release assay in BNT162b2 vaccinated healthcare workers.PloS one · 2024Article
- Analysis of humoral and cellular immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with immunomodulatory drugs.Clinical immunology communications · 2023Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to control primary infection and correlates with severity of disease. The role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity, its relationship to antibodies, and pre-existing immunity against endemic coronaviruses (huCoV), which has been hypothesized to be protective, were investigated in 82 healthy donors (HDs), 204 recovered (RCs), and 92 active COVID-19 patients (ACs). ACs had high amounts of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike IgG but lymphopenia and overall reduced antiviral T cell responses due to the inflammatory milieu, expression of inhibitory molecules (PD-1, Tim-3) as well as effector caspase-3, -7, and -8 activity in T cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity conferred by polyfunctional, mainly interferon-γ-secreting CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.