ReviewImmunity, inflammation and disease2021
Age-related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID-19.
Review in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Manifestation of pityriasis rosea and pityriasis rosea-like eruptions after Covid-19 vaccine: A systematic review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Pooled it
- Axes of social inequities in COVID-19 clinical trials: A systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- A perfect storm: the immunological and pathophysiological landscape of pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Low-grade inflammation score (INFLA- score) associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in shift workers.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Age-Specific Clinical and Laboratory Features and Renal Involvement in Children with MIS-C: A Single Tertiary Centre Experience from Vojvodina.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Histopathological examination of lung from infant with lethal COVID-19 with special attention on pneumocytes type II and the immune infiltrate: a case study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Association of the systemic immune-inflammatory index and systemic inflammatory response index with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with metabolic inflammatory syndrome.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Age influences blood cell-based immune deregulation antibody response and unfavorable clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clinical Trial: Effects of Autologous Dendritic Cell Administration on Renal Hemodynamics and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Kidney Disease.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association between the C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index and metabolic syndrome: evidence from the 2003-2010 national health and nutrition examination survey.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Survival and recovery: 24-month outcomes for critically Ill COVID-19 patients receiving ECMO.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Colliding Challenges Part 2: An Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Versus SARS-CoV-2 Infection Alone.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Comparative Analysis of qSOFA, PRIEST, PAINT, and ISARIC4C Scores in Predicting Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Among Patients Aged over 75 Years.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mortality risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome cases classified as COVID-19: A longitudinal study.PloS one · 2024Article
- Factors associated with elevated SARS-CoV-2 immune response in children and adolescents.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor antagonist MIA-602 attenuates cardiopulmonary injury induced by BSL-2 rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and metabolic syndrome and its components: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Preserved perception-action integration in adolescents after a COVID-19 infection.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can present with a wide spectrum of severity. Elderly patients with cardiac, pulmonary and metabolic comorbidities are more likely to develop the severe manifestations of COVID-19, which are observed in less than 5% of the pediatric patients. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is able to induce an immune impairment and dysregulation, finally resulting in the massive release of inflammatory mediators, strongly contributing to the pulmonary and systemic manifestations in COVID-19. In children, the immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 can also be responsible of a severe disease phenotype defined as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. As the immune system undergoes a complex process of maturation from birth to adult age, differences in the immune and inflammatory response could have a significant impact in determining the spectrum of severity of COVID-19. Indeed, children show a higher ability to respond to viral infections and a reduced baseline pro-inflammatory state compared with elderly patients. Age and comorbidities contribute to disease severity through immune-mediated mechanisms, since they are associated with a chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, and cause an enhanced susceptibility to develop an immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also the expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, varies with age, and is linked to the immune and inflammatory response through a complex, and not completely elucidated, network. This paper reviews the peculiar immunopathogenic aspects of COVID-19, with a focus on the differences between adult and pediatric patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.