ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2022
Disparate Associations of Years of Football Participation and a Metric of Head Impact Exposure with Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Former Collegiate Football Players.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function in Former American Football Players.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Factors associated with subjective cognitive complaints in former American football players.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2026Article
- Long-term neurobehavioral and neuroimaging outcomes in athletes with prior concussion(s) and head impact exposure.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Review
- Intraindividual variability, subjective cognitive difficulties, and head injury history in former collegiate athletes.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Article
- Health outcomes of former division I college athletes.Brain injury · 2025Article
- Selecting outcome measures to validate prognostic biomarkers of paediatric mild traumatic brain injury: challenges and priorities.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Comparison of Various Metrics of Repetitive Head Impact Exposure And Their Associations With Neurocognition in Collegiate-Aged Athletes.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2023Article
- Neuropsychological test performance of former American football players.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2023Article
- Decreased myelin proteins in brain donors exposed to football-related repetitive head impacts.Brain communications · 2023Article
- Head Impact Exposure, Gray Matter Volume, and Moderating Effects of Estimated Intelligence Quotient and Educational Attainment in Former Athletes at Midlife.Journal of neurotrauma · 2022Article
- Association of Playing College American Football With Long-term Health Outcomes and Mortality.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Longitudinal trajectory of depression symptom severity and the influence of concussion history and physical function over a 19-year period among former National Football League (NFL) players: an NFL-LONG Study.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2022Article
- Observational
- Head Impact Exposure Across Levels of Play in American Football: A Systematic Review of Accelerometer Data.Neurotrauma reportsReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesYears of sport participation (YoP) is conventionally used to estimate cumulative repetitive head impacts (RHI) experienced by contact sport athletes. The relationship of this measure to other estimates of head impact exposure and the potential associations of these measures with neurobehavioral functioning are unknown. We investigated the association between YoP and the Head Impact Exposure Estimate (HIEE), and whether associations between the two estimates of exposure and neurobehavioral functioning varied.
methodsFormer American football players (N = 58; age = 37.9 ± 1.5 years) completed in-person evaluations approximately 15 years following sport discontinuation. Assessments consisted of neuropsychological assessment and structured interviews of head impact history (i.e., HIEE). General linear models were fit to test the association between YoP and the HIEE, and their associations with neurobehavioral outcomes.
resultsYoP was weakly correlated with the HIEE, p = .005, R2 = .13. Higher YoP was associated with worse performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, p = .004, R2 = .14, and Trail Making Test-B, p = .001, R2 = .18. The HIEE was associated with worse performance on the Delayed Recall trial of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, p = .020, R2 = .09, self-reported cognitive difficulties (Neuro-QoL Cognitive Function), p = .011, R2 = .10, psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory-18), p = .018, R2 = .10, and behavioral regulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Adults), p = .017, R2 = .10.
conclusionsYoP was marginally associated with the HIEE, a comprehensive estimate of head impacts sustained over a career. Associations between each exposure estimate and neurobehavioral functioning outcomes differed. Findings have meaningful implications for efforts to accurately quantify the risk of adverse long-term neurobehavioral outcomes potentially associated with RHI.
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