ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2021
Long-Term Levels of LDL-C and Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trajectories of lipid profile with cognitive function: 12-year follow-up of Guangzhou Biobank cohort study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- The association between atherogenic index of plasma and cognitive impairment among older adults in Southern Iran: findings from the Bushehr elderly health program.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Association Between Serum Lipid Traits and Cognitive Function in Middle-aged and Elderly Adults: A Longitudinal Study.Current Alzheimer research · 2025Article
- Next generation brain health: transforming global research and public health to promote prevention of dementia and reduce its risk in young adult populations.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2024Review
- Inflammatory-associated proteomic predictors of cognitive outcome in subjects with ELVO treated by mechanical thrombectomy.BMC neurology · 2023Article
- Prevalence and predictors of post-stroke cognitive impairment among stroke survivors in Uganda.BMC neurology · 2023Article
- Prevalence and Predictors of Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment among Stroke Survivors in Uganda.Research square · 2023Article
- Association between cognitive capacity and metabolic indices in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.Journal of education and health promotion · 2023Article
- Comparing the Relationships of Genetically Proxied PCSK9 Inhibition With Mood Disorders, Cognition, and Dementia Between Men and Women: A Drug-Target Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
- Difference in the Standard and Novel Lipid Profile Parameters Between Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia Stratified by the Degree of Cognitive Impairment.Materia socio-medica · 2022Article
- Altered dynamic functional architecture in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Association between Serum Lipid Parameters and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIt is uncertain if long-term levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) affect cognition in middle age. We examined the association of LDL-C levels over 25 years with cognitive function in a prospective cohort of black and white US adults.
methodsLipids were measured at baseline (1985-1986; age: 18-30 years) and at serial examinations conducted over 25 years. Time-averaged cumulative LDL-C was calculated using the area under the curve for 3,328 participants with ≥3 LDL-C measurements and a cognitive function assessment. Cognitive function was assessed at the Year 25 examination with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST], Rey Auditory Visual Learning Test [RAVLT], and Stroop Test. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sub-study (N = 707) was also completed at Year 25 to assess abnormal white matter tissue volume (AWMV) and gray matter cerebral blood flow volume (GM-CBFV) as secondary outcomes.
resultsThere were 15.6%, 32.9%, 28.9%, and 22.6% participants with time-averaged cumulative LDL-C <100 mg/dL, 101-129 mg/dL, 130-159 mg/dL, and ≥160 mg/dL, respectively. Standardized differences in all cognitive function test scores ranged from 0.16 SD lower to 0.09 SD higher across time-averaged LDL-C categories in comparison to those with LDL-C < 100 mg/dL. After covariate adjustment, participants with higher versus lower time-averaged LDL-C had a lower RAVLT score (p-trend = 0.02) but no differences were present for DSST, Stroop Test, AWMV, or GM-CBFV.
conclusionCumulative LDL-C was associated with small differences in memory, as assessed by RAVLT scores, but not other cognitive or brain MRI measures over 25 years of follow-up.
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