ArticleBiology2021
Comparison of the Acute Effects of Hold-Relax and Static Stretching among Older Adults.
Article in Biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute Effects of Dynamic and Ballistic Stretching on Flexibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Immediate effects of stretching and eccentric exercise on flexibility, stiffness, and strength in older adults with hamstring tightness and possible sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Acute and Chronic Effects of Supervised Flexibility Training in Older Adults: A Comparison of Two Different Conditioning Programs.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Impact of electrical muscle stimulation-induced muscle contractions on endogenous pain modulatory system: a quantitative sensory testing evaluation.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Article
- Acute Effects of Combined and Distinctive Stretching, Foam Rolling, and Eccentric Exercise in Young Men with Hamstring Tightness.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
- Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on rectus femoris muscle stiffness: a dose-response shear-wave elastography study.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Chronic effects of a static stretching intervention program on range of motion and tissue hardness in older adults.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Comparison of Isolated or Combined Static Stretching and Foam Rolling on Knee Extensors' Function.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023Article
- Effects of a High-Volume 7-Week Pectoralis Muscle Stretching Training on Muscle Function and Muscle Stiffness.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
- Gender difference in effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on flexibility and stiffness of hamstring muscle.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- The Time-Course Changes in Knee Flexion Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Rate of Force Development After Static Stretching.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in the Mechanical and Neurophysiological Response to Roller Massage of the Plantar Flexors.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2021Article
- Association between the Range of Motion and Passive Property of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in Older Population.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Comparison Between Contract-Relax Stretching and Antagonist Contract-Relax Stretching on Gastrocnemius Medialis Passive Properties.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Local and Non-local Effects of Foam Rolling on Passive Soft Tissue Properties and Spinal Excitability.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Various stretching techniques are generally recommended to counteract age-related declines in range of motion (ROM) and/or increased muscle stiffness. However, to date, an effective stretching technique has not yet been established for older adults. Consequently, we compared the acute effects of hold relax stretching (HRS) and static stretching (SS) on dorsiflexion (DF) ROM and muscle stiffness among older adults. Overall, 15 elderly men and nine elderly women (70.2 ± 3.9 years, 160.8 ± 7.8 cm, 59.6 ± 9.7 kg) were enrolled, and both legs were randomized to either HRS or SS stretching. We measured DF ROM and muscle stiffness using a dynamometer and ultrasonography before and after 120 s of HRS or SS interventions. Our multivariate analysis indicated no significant interaction effects, but a main effect for DF ROM. Post-hoc tests revealed that DF ROM was increased after both HRS and SS interventions. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed a significant interaction effect for muscle stiffness. Post-hoc tests revealed that muscle stiffness was decreased significantly after only SS intervention. Taken together, our results indicated that both HRS and SS interventions are recommended to increase ROM, and SS is recommended to decrease muscle stiffness in older adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.