ArticleJCI insight2021
TLR2-mediated activation of innate responses in the upper airways confers antiviral protection of the lungs.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2: synthetic diacylated lipopeptides polarize equine macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mucosal immune cell priming by intranasally deliveredFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Priming mucosal pathogen-agnostic innate immunity with an intranasal TLR2/6 agonist in an aged population.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in pulmonary immunity: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Promoting immune defensive responses of epithelial cells in airway disease.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Review
- Upper respiratory tract immunization with PamFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of intranasal TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051: safety, tolerability and proof of pharmacology.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Influence of Donor-Specific Characteristics on Cytokine Responses in H3N2 Influenza A Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Dissemination of influenza B virus to the lower respiratory tract of mice is restricted by the interferon response.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Transcriptional Analysis of lncRNA and Target Genes Induced by Influenza A Virus Infection in MDCK Cells.Vaccines · 2023Article
- PROTEOMAS: a workflow enabling harmonized proteomic meta-analysis and proteomic signature mapping.Journal of cheminformatics · 2023Article
- Curtailing virus-induced inflammation in respiratory infections: emerging strategies for therapeutic interventions.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Mucosal TLR2-activating protein-based vaccination induces potent pulmonary immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Article
- Toll-like receptor-agonist-based therapies for respiratory viral diseases: thinking outside the cell.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Review
- Advances in the Prophylaxis of Respiratory Infections by the Nasal and the Oromucosal Route: Relevance to the Fight with the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Review
- Toll-like receptors, innate immune system, and lung diseases: a vital trilateral association.EXCLI journal · 2022Article
- Can the Nasal Cavity Help Tackle COVID-19?Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The impact of respiratory virus infections on global health is felt not just during a pandemic, but endemic seasonal infections pose an equal and ongoing risk of severe disease. Moreover, vaccines and antiviral drugs are not always effective or available for many respiratory viruses. We investigated how induction of effective and appropriate antigen-independent innate immunity in the upper airways can prevent the spread of respiratory virus infection to the vulnerable lower airways. Activation of TLR2, when restricted to the nasal turbinates, resulted in prompt induction of innate immune-driven antiviral responses through action of cytokines, chemokines, and cellular activity in the upper but not the lower airways. We have defined how nasal epithelial cells and recruitment of macrophages work in concert and play pivotal roles to limit progression of influenza virus to the lungs and sustain protection for up to 7 days. These results reveal underlying mechanisms of how control of viral infection in the upper airways can occur and support the implementation of strategies that can activate TLR2 in nasal passages to provide rapid protection, especially for at-risk populations, against severe respiratory infection when vaccines and antiviral drugs are not always effective or available.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.