ArticleInternational journal of spine surgery2020
No Difference in Functional Outcome but Higher Revision Rate Among Smokers Undergoing Cervical Artificial Disc Replacement: Analysis of a Spine Registry.
Article in International journal of spine surgery, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between smoking and clinical outcomes among spondylodesis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Relationship between smoking and postoperative complications of cervical spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of nicotine product use on outcomes of patients receiving cervical disc arthroplasty: a propensity score analysis of the united States nationwide inpatient sample 2005-2020.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is a known predictor of negative outcomes in spinal surgery. However, its effect on the functional outcomes and revision rates after ADR is not well-documented. This study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data at a major tertiary center. The objective was to elucidate the impact of smoking on functional outcomes in cervical artificial disc replacement (ADR).
methodsPatients who underwent cervical ADR for myelopathy or radiculopathy from 2004 to 2015 with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up were included in the study. Patient function was assessed using Short Form-36 (SF-36), American Association of Orthopaedic Surgery (AAOS) cervical spine, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring systems preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively. Incidence of further surgery on affected and adjacent segments was analyzed as well.
resultsA total of 137 patients were included in the study, consisting of 117 nonsmokers and 20 smokers. There were 60 patients who presented with myelopathy and 77 with radiculopathy. The mean age of smokers was 42.6 years, compared with 46.4 years in the nonsmoker group (
conclusionsOur analysis indicates that there is no difference in functional outcome or patient satisfaction between smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers have a higher chance of revision surgery after an artificial disc replacement compared with nonsmokers at 2 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.
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