ReviewJournal of endocrinological investigation2021
The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19.
Review in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Graves' disease following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of the reported cases.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19-Associated Subacute Thyroiditis: Evidence-Based Data From a Systematic Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Post-COVID-19 Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmune Ultrasound Changes: A 12-Month Prospective Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- β-Cell Dysfunction and Altered Thyroid Hormone Dynamics in Post-COVID Metabolic Disturbances: An Immunometabolic Cross-Sectional Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Long-Term Thyroid Complications Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Risk Factors of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis and Predictive Value of TSH for Disease Severity.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Long-term risk of incident autoimmune thyroid disease after COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter propensity score-matched cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Dissecting biomarker networks linking COVID-19 inflammatory drivers, disease severity and thyroid adaptive responses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Growth hormone - releasing hormone in the immune system.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Assessing the Causal Association Between COVID-19 and Graves Disease: Mendelian Randomization Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Sensitivity to thyroid hormones in children developing acute kidney injury at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Paediatric Autoimmune Thyroiditis Triggered by Prior SARS-CoV-2 Exposure: A Case with Transient Hashitoxicosis.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2025Article
- Viral infection and thyroid disorders: a narrative review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Thyroid Function in the Time of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Disease Progression and Vaccination Effect.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- A Machine Learning Approach to Identify Potential miRNA-Gene Regulatory Network Contributing to the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cytokine Storm-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction in COVID-19: Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Review
- Subacute Thyroiditis in Active COVID-19 Infection: A Report of Two Cases With a Systematic Review of the Literature.Cureus · 2024Article
- Abnormal TSH Level as a Predictor of Severe Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCOVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction. PURPOSE: The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations.
conclusionsThe repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a "cytokine storm" that would, in turn, induce a "non-thyroidal illness". Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.