ArticleMalaria journal2021
Western Kenyan Anopheles gambiae showing intense permethrin resistance harbour distinct microbiota.
Article in Malaria journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Adult Aedes aegypti Bacterial Microbiota is Robust to Infection with the Obligate Microsporidian Parasite Edhazardia aedis.Environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Operationalising Environmental DNA (eDNA) Detection of Major Malaria Vector Species in Ghana.Molecular ecology resources · 2026Article
- Reduced Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide Based Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets Against Malaria Vectors in Western Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles arabiensis and relationship with Microsporidia MB infection in two rice agroecosystems in Kenya.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Integrated transcriptome-microbiome analysis reveals a host-microbe interplay associated with insecticide resistance inFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- PoolSeq Genome-Wide Association Studies and Microbial Signature Analyses Identify Novel Candidates Associated With Pyrethroid Resistance Evolution in Anopheles funestus in Cameroon.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Direct and transgenerational effects of tetracyclines on the microbiome, transcriptome, and male mating behavior of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Evidence of microbiome contribution to the escalation of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles funestus s.s.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Molecular markers of reduced behavioral sensitivity to transfluthrin in Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Western Kenya.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Omics Approaches in Understanding Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Insecticide resistant Anopheles from Ethiopia but not Burkina Faso show a microbiota composition shift upon insecticide exposure.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Fungal communities in Florida salt marsh mosquito midguts vary between species and over time but have low structure.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Mosquito Gut Microbiota: A Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Relationship between deltamethrin resistance and gut symbiotic bacteria of Aedes albopictus by 16S rDNA sequencing.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Key gene modules and hub genes associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes: a systems biology approach.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Characterization of the Tissue and Strain-Specific Microbiota ofTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Vectorial competence, insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and operational implications for malaria vector control strategies in Benin Republic.Malaria journal · 2023Review
- Microsporidia MB in the primary malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is avirulent and undergoes maternal and horizontal transmission.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Microbiota in disease-transmitting vectors.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Comparative assessment of the bacterial communities associated with Anopheles darlingi immature stages and their breeding sites in the Brazilian Amazon.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInsecticide resistance poses a growing challenge to malaria vector control in Kenya and around the world. Following evidence of associations between the mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance, the microbiota of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) from Tulukuyi village, Bungoma, Kenya, with differing permethrin resistance profiles were comparatively characterized.
methodsUsing the CDC bottle bioassay, 133 2-3 day-old, virgin, non-blood fed female F
results47 % of the samples tested (n = 133) were resistant, and of the 100 selected for further processing, 99 % were positive for kdr East and 1 % for kdr West. Overall, 84 bacterial taxa were detected across all mosquito samples, with 36 of these shared between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. A total of 20 bacterial taxa were unique to the resistant mosquitoes and 28 were unique to the susceptible mosquitoes. There were significant differences in bacterial composition between resistant and susceptible individuals (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 2.33, P = 0.001), with presence of Sphingobacterium, Lysinibacillus and Streptococcus (all known pyrethroid-degrading taxa), and the radiotolerant Rubrobacter, being significantly associated with resistant mosquitoes. On the other hand, the presence of Myxococcus, was significantly associated with susceptible mosquitoes.
conclusionsThis is the first report of distinct microbiota in An. gambiae s.s. associated with intense pyrethroid resistance. The findings highlight differentially abundant bacterial taxa between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, and further suggest a microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. These results also indicate fixation of the kdr East mutation in this mosquito population, precluding further analysis of its associations with the mosquito microbiota, but presenting the hypothesis that any microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance would be likely of a metabolic nature. Overall, this study lays initial groundwork for understanding microbe-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in African mosquito vectors of malaria, and potentially identifying novel microbial markers of insecticide resistance that could supplement existing vector surveillance tools.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.