ArticleToxins2021
pH-Dependent Protein Binding Properties of Uremic Toxins In Vitro.
Article in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Indoxyl sulfate in the gut-kidney axis: from diet-microbiome interactions to renal injury and targeted therapies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Future of Uremic Toxin Management.Toxins · 2024Review
- Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Macrophage Toxicity and Therapeutic Strategies in Uremic Atherosclerosis.Toxins · 2024Review
- Displacing the Burden: A Review of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Clearance Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Pruritus and protein-bound uremic toxins in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study.Clinical kidney journal · 2024Article
- Detailing Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Interaction Mechanisms with Human Serum Albumin in the Pursuit of Designing Competitive Binders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Indoxyl sulfate impairsExperimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Article
- In vitro assessment of the biocompatibility of chemically treated silicone materials with human lens epithelial cells.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are difficult to remove using conventional dialysis treatment owing to their high protein-binding affinity. As pH changes the conformation of proteins, it may be associated with the binding of uremic toxins. Albumin conformation at pH 2 to 13 was analyzed using circular dichroism. The protein binding behavior between indoxyl sulfate (IS) and albumin was examined using isothermal titration calorimetry. Albumin with IS, and serum with IS, p-cresyl sulfate, indole acetic acid or phenyl sulfate, as well as serum from hemodialysis patients, were adjusted pH of 3 to 11, and the concentration of the free PBUTs was measured using mass spectrometry. Albumin was unfolded at pH < 4 or >12, and weakened interaction with IS occurred at pH < 5 or >10. The concentration of free IS in the albumin solution was increased at pH 4.0 and pH 11.0. Addition of human serum to each toxin resulted in increased free forms at acidic and alkaline pH. The pH values of serums from patients undergoing hemodialysis adjusted to 3.4 and 11.3 resulted in increased concentrations of the free forms of PBUTs. In conclusion, acidic and alkaline pH conditions changed the albumin conformation and weakened the protein binding property of PBUTs in vitro.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.